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QUIT
20
The New Frontier and the Great Society
CHAPTER OBJECTIVE
INTERACT WITH HISTORY
TIME LINE
GRAPH
MAP
SECTION
1 Kennedy and the Cold War
SECTION
2 The New Frontier
SECTION
3 The Great Society
VISUAL SUMMARY
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The New Frontier and the Great Society
CHAPTER OBJECTIVE
To understand the achievements and challenges
of the Kennedy and Johnson administrations
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The New Frontier and the Great Society
INTERACT
WITH HISTORY
Against the backdrop of an intense space race between America and the
Soviet Union, the 1960 presidential election approaches. The leading
candidates are a young, charismatic senator and the ambitious,
experienced vice-president. The new president will face tremendous
responsibilities. Abroad, the Soviet Union is stockpiling nuclear
weapons. At home, millions suffer from poverty and discrimination.
What are the qualities of effective leaders?
Examine the Issues
• How can a leader motivate and influence the public?
• What skills are needed to persuade legislators?
• What enables a leader to respond to crises?
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The New Frontier and the Great Society
TIME LINE
The United States
The World
1960 John F. Kennedy is elected president.
1960 Seventeen African countries gain
independence.
1961 U.S. launches the Bay of Pigs invasion.
1961 Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin becomes
the first human in outer space.
1962 John Glenn becomes the first American to
orbit the earth. U.S. and USSR face off in the
Cuban missile crisis.
1962 The drug thalidomide is pulled from the
market after it is found responsible for thousands
of birth defects in Europe.
1963 President Kennedy is assassinated; Lyndon
B. Johnson becomes president.
1964 Lyndon B. Johnson is elected president.
Congress passes the Economic Opportunity Act
and Civil Rights Act.
1965 United States troops enter Vietnam.
1965 Ferdinand Marcos becomes president of
the Phillipines.
continued . . .
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The New Frontier and the Great Society
TIME LINE
The United States
The World
1966 Indira Gandhi becomes prime minister of
India.
1967 Thurgood Marshall becomes the first
African-American justice of the Supreme Court.
1967 Israel wins Arab territories in the Six Day
War.
1968 Richard M. Nixon is elected president.
1968 Warsaw Pact troops invade
Czechoslovakia.
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Kennedy and the Cold War
KEY IDEA
Foreign affairs dominate the presidential campaign of
1960 and the administration of John F. Kennedy.
Kennedy faces some of the most dangerous SovietAmerican confrontations of the Cold War.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT
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Kennedy and the Cold War
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The Kennedy administration faced
some of the most dangerous Soviet
confrontations in American history.
America’s response to Soviet
threats developed the United
States as a military superpower.
TERMS & NAMES
• John F. Kennedy
• hot line
• Limited Test Ban Treaty
• flexible response
• Berlin Wall
• Fidel Castro
ASSESSMENT
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Kennedy and the Cold War
ASSESSMENT
1. List two outcomes for each of these events: first
Kennedy-Nixon debate, Bay of Pigs invasion, Cuban
missile crisis, and construction of the Berlin Wall.
Increased Cold
War tensions
United States
embarrassed
Berlin Wall
Bay of Pigs
Symbolized
Communist
oppression
Cuba moved
closer to Soviets.
Kennedy won
support.
Debate
TV became
important in
politics.
Cuban Missile
Crisis
World at brink
of nuclear war
Soviets backed
down.
continued . . .
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Kennedy and the Cold War
ASSESSMENT
2. How well do you think President Kennedy handled the
Cuban missile crisis? Think About:
• Kennedy’s decision to impose a naval “quarantine”
of Cuba
• the nuclear showdown between the superpowers
• Kennedy’s decision not to invade Cuba
ANSWER
POSSIBLE RESPONSES:
Well-handled: The Cuban missiles were removed, nuclear war
was averted, and there was no military engagement.
Not well-handled: He risked nuclear war over the crisis.
continued . . .
1
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Kennedy and the Cold War
ASSESSMENT
3. What kind of political statement was made by the
United States’ support of West Berlin?
ANSWER
The United States was telling other nations, the Soviet
Union especially, to keep their hands off West Berlin.
End of Section 1
GRAPH
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The New Frontier
KEY IDEA
With the stirring phrase “the New Frontier,”
Kennedy outlines a broad vision for
progress, but Congress enacts few of his
initiatives. His efforts are ended by his tragic
assassination.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT
GRAPH
HOME
MAP
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The New Frontier
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
While Kennedy had trouble
getting his ideas for a New
Frontier passed, several goals
were achieved.
Kennedy’s space program
continues to generate scientific
and engineering advances that
benefit Americans.
TERMS & NAMES
• Warren Commission
• mandate
• New Frontier
• Peace Corps
• Alliance for Progress
ASSESSMENT
GRAPH
HOME
MAP
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The New Frontier
ASSESSMENT
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts.
List five programs of the New Frontier.
Peace Corps
Civil rights bill
The New Frontier
Alliance for
Progress
Tax cut
Moon program
continued . . .
GRAPH
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The New Frontier
ASSESSMENT
2. Why do you think Congress was so enthusiastic about
allocating funds for the space program but rejected
spending in education, social services, and other pressing
needs?
ANSWER
It was largely a matter of pride, since the Soviets had
already sent a cosmonaut into space.
continued . . .
GRAPH
MAP
2
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The New Frontier
ASSESSMENT
3. Why do you think Kennedy lost popularity for
supporting civil rights?
ANSWER
Kennedy lost popularity for supporting civil rights
because people in some sections of the country opposed
granting civil rights to African Americans.
continued . . .
GRAPH
MAP
2
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The New Frontier
ASSESSMENT
4. Do you think President Kennedy was a successful
leader? Think About:
• the reasons for his popularity
• the goals he expressed
• his foreign policy
• his legislative record
ANSWER
Successful: popular; focused on projects that Congress would support;
peacefully handled the missile crisis; arranged for the test-ban treaty
Not successful: tended to react to events rather than lead; did not get his
legislative program enacted before his death
End of Section 2
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The Great Society
KEY IDEA
Lyndon B. Johnson drives the most ambitious
legislative agenda through Congress since the New
Deal. The landmark decisions of the Supreme Court
under Chief Justice Earl Warren reflect the era of
liberal activism.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT
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The Great Society
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The demand for reform helped create
a new awareness of social problems,
especially on matters of civil rights
and the effects of poverty.
Reforms made in the 1960s have
had a lasting effect on the American
justice system by increasing the
rights of minorities.
TERMS & NAMES
• Lyndon Baines Johnson
• Great Society
• Immigration Act of 1965
• Medicare and Medicaid
• Warren Court
• Economic Opportunity Act
• reapportionment
ASSESSMENT
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The Great Society
ASSESSMENT
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts.
List four or more Great Society programs and Warren
Court rulings.
Great Society Programs
Warren Court Rulings
1. Civil Rights Act of 1964
1. Brown v. Board of Education
2. Economic Opportunity Act
2. Baker v. Carr
3. Elementary and Secondary
Education Act
3. Escobedo v. Illinois
4. Medicare and Medicaid
4. Miranda v. Arizona
continued . . .
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The Great Society
ASSESSMENT
2. Explain how Lyndon Johnson’s personal and political
experiences might have influenced his actions as
president. Think About:
• his family’s background and education
• his relationship with Franklin Roosevelt
• his powers of persuasion
ANSWER
Johnson’s upbringing might have taught him about the hardships of those
in need; as a New Dealer, he learned how the government could help
people in need; in Congress, he learned the importance of political
connections and clout and the skills to negotiate political deals.
End of Section 3