Transcript 投影片 1 - HKEdCity

Modernization and Transformation of China
Chapter 3 Early Attempts in Modernization
What is modernization?
•Changes
•In what aspects? Political?
•It refers to the process in which a traditional
Society is transformed into a modern society.
•It has been taking place in different parts of
The world since modern times
•In what aspects?
•Modern industries and technologies were
Developed.
•Political systems became more democratic
•What about thinking?
•A free way of thinking was also promoted
•Where did the modernization start?
•It started in Europe, US and spread to Asia
•When did it start in China?
•It started in mid 19th century.
China in 1900
Why did China start the modernization?
What problems did China face in the early 20th
Century?
1. Internal Instability
-increase in population
-heavy rents and taxation
-land shortage
-failure of the reforms
-Taiping Uprising
2. External Invasion
-First & Second Anglo-Chinese War (1839-42,
1856-58)
-Sino-French War (1870)
-Sino-Japanese War (1894-5)
-Scramble for Concessions (1895-99) (DBQ)
-Boxer Uprising (1900) (DBQ)
Late Qing Reform
(Manzhu Reform)
All reforms in China:
1. Self-strengthening Movement 1860-95
By Zheng Guofan, Li Hongzhang
2. Hundred Day’s Reform 1898
By Kang Yuwei, Liangqichao
3. Late Qing Reform
By Cixi, Ronglu, Zhangzhidong, Yuan Shikai
Liu Kunyi
The Late Qing Reforms 1901-11
Background (Why did Cixi initiate a reform
Programme in 1900?)
1. Military defeat
-First & Second Anglo-Chinese War (1839-42,
1856-58) China had open treaty ports and
Granted many rights to Britain.
-Sino-French War (1870) Annam was ceded.
-Sino-Japanese War (1894-5) China had to
Cede land and paid indemnity. Her industry
Was affected.
-Scramble for Concessions (1895-99)
China was nearly partitioned, e.g. Shandong
Was given Germany, Guangzhou Bay &
Guangxi were given to France.
-Boxer Uprising 1900 allied expedition (text)
humiliating escape of Cixi
Boxer Protocol (text)complete
Reorganization and strengthening
DBQ
1. He represents China (1 mark)
He dressed like a Qing officer. (1 mark)
2. Yes, 1860-1911, China was like the
Officer being torn by others. The foreign
Powers divided China into spheres of influence,
Getting land, indemnity, most favoured
Nation treatment and extra territorial rights.
(2 marks)
No, China had started some refroms:
SSM, Hundred Days’ and Late Qing reforms
To strengthen China.
The Chinese initiated uprisings:
Moslem uprisings, Taiping Uprising, Boxer
Uprising, 1911 Revolution to overthrow
The Qing rule. (3/3 marks)
3. China had external problems only?
Internal problems:
•Growing population
•Shortage of land
•Heavy taxation
•uprisings
•regionalism
DBQ
1. Pig is the foreigners, leader of the church
(1 mark) Goats are the Christian followers.
2. The artists criticized and looked down
Upon them. How?
• Drawing them as animals
• Some tied on the cross and some killed on the
Ground.
3. –harsh treatment towards the foreigners
During the Boxer Uprising
-caused the hatred of the foreigners->allied
Expedition 1900
-China was defeated and signed the Boxer
Protocol. China lost a lot (text).
2. The rise of regional powers
(decentralization)
-When was it known?
-Boxer Uprising, the provincial governors
Of southeast China ignored the central order and
Refused to attack the foreigners in their
Provinces.
-too independent!
-reform to check the growing power
Of the regional authorities
3. The spread of revolutionary ideas
-Sun set up Xingzhonghui and
Tongmenghui to overthrow Manzhu.
-Sun asked for financial support from
Overseas countries and spread the ideas
By starting some uprisings—gained
Popularity.
-Cixi knew that she should start reform
to maintain the Manzhu rule
4. To follow the examples of Meiji Japan
•Japan carried out the Meiji Modernization
(constitutional monarchy was set up and
Westernized reforms were carried out)
•Japan became a world power
•Defeated China in the S-J War and R-J War
•China wanted to follow Japan as example.
Objectives
-prevent national decentralization/disintegration
Arising from revolutionary force,
Anti-Qing sentiment, independent provincial
Officers.
-prolong the Manzhu rule
Implementation
-in two stages
1. 1901-5: more than 30 imperial edicts were
Issued. Political, military, economic and social
Reforms were introduced.
2. 1905-11: demand for constitutional
Monarchy grew stronger
•Sent five ministers abroad to study the
Constitutions of different countries
•Issued the Outline of Constitution
•Announced in 1911 that a parliament would
•Be held in 5 years’ time (not 9 years)
Reform Programmes
1. Constitutional reforms
-mission
-After Russo-Japanese War 1904-5,
Chinese wanted a constitution similarar
to Meiji Constitution
-nine-year programme of constitutional
Preparation (provincial and national
Assemblies)
-1911, Cabinet consisting of 13 members
(8-Manzhus)
2. Administrative reforms
-11 ministries to replace 6 Boards
-sinecures were abolished
-abolished the sale of offices
3. Educational reforms
-the eight legged essay examination was abolished
-a modern school system with a mixed curriculum
-old civil examination was abolished
-Thousands of students were sent abroad to study
4. Military reform
-the Beiyang army was established under
Yuan
-Military examination were abolished
-Military schools in western style
The Significance of the Late Qing Reforms in
The modernization of China
Positive
1. The introduction of modern political
Institution (offices/ departments)
• Constitutional reform promised to grant
Constitutional government after 9 years
• Eleven new ministries to replace old
Departments
2. The modernization of military reform/
creation of new army
•Yuan Shikai modernized army
•Sent army to attend military colleges and
Created academies to train new army
•Size doubled –became the leading army in
Northern China
•Army became independent of the central control.
3. The modernization of education,
establishment of modern education
•Abolition of civil service examination—
Gentry’s (scholar) ties with the state broke off.
•The establishment of modern schools & sending
Students abroad.
•People began to regard other sources of status,
E.g. western learning…
4. The modernization of legal system/
Legislation for economic activities
•Many industrial and commercial laws and
Regulations were drafted
•Provided a legal base for the enterprise owners
To do business in China
•Marked the Chinese attempt at modernizing
The legal and economic systems.
5. The modernization of society/
Transforming the society
•Lifted the ban on intermarriage between
The Manzhus and Hans
•Foot binding was abolished
•The opium smoking was prohibited
•The farmlands were granted to the Eight
Banners
Negative / Limitation of the reforms
(Why were the forms unable to save the Qing
Dynasty?)
1. The creation of a new type of intellectuals
-people who were influenced by western
Education, e.g. returned students.
2. The spread of revolutionary ideas in the army
-New army (soldiers & officers) educated in
Western military schools or abroad
3. The disappointment in insincere political
reform
-9 years for preparing the constitution
-Royal Cabinet (8/13 Manzhus)
4. Aims only at prolonging the Manzhu rule
5. Preventing the Han officials from gaining
Power
• 4/6 units of the Beiyang New Army were
Taken away from him
• Yuan and Zhang Zhidong were deprived
Of military power
• A “Royal Cabinet” was formed (8/13 members
Were Manzhus)
6. Serious corruption
•The Late Qing Reform introduced no measures
To solve this problem.
•Cixi, I Kang who were the leaders
Of the reform, were corrupt too.
7. Severe financial difficulty
•Indemnities caused by unequal treaties+
Paid 450 million taels as compensation
•The scope of reform was limited: military
Training was only applied to army not the navy.
The government lacked the resources to finish
The whole training programme.
8. The lack of capable leaders/ POOR
LEADERSHIP (NOTES)
-Kang & Liang?
-Yuan? Was retired by Prince Chun 1909
-Liu, Li and Zhang? died
-Cixi & Guangxu?
9. The lack of funds
Where has the money gone?
-Boxer indemnity
-foreign loan
-corruption
-Railway projects borrowed loans from the
banks
10. The lack of sincerity/CONSERVATIVE
OPPOSITION (NOTES)
Who lacked the sincerity?
Where can you see that the government did not
Have sincerity?
-constitution preparation has to take 9 years-->
too long a period!
11. The rising popularity of the revolutionary
Movement
-Tungmenghui under the leadership of Sun
12. The lack of mass support
-Manzhu disliked a thorough reform
-Conservative scholar officials opposed the
Abolition of the civil service examination
-Regional officials opposed the policy on
Centralization of power and nationalization
Of railwaymany turned to the revolutionaries.
13. Too late!
14. Lack of favourable environment for reform
What made the Late Qing Reform different
From the last two reforms? (notes)
1. The reforms was more comprehensive.
Very special is that it attempted to introduce
Institutional changes and constitutional
Reforms.
2. Constitutional reforms implies that Cixi
Was willing to share power with others and make
Her rule more democratic.
2. It was first started by Cixi. Over the years,
She was anti-progress and objected reforms
& changes.