Transcript Constitution and First Presidents

Constitution and First Presidents
(Washington to Monroe)
Chapters 6, 7, 8
A Convention
• Annapolis Convention (1786)- 9/13 states represented
in feeble attempt to create stronger national govt.
• Alexander Hamilton called for convention to meet in
Philly following year
• Philadelphia/Constitutional Convention (1787)
 Immediate purpose was to revise the A of C
 12/13 states represented (except RI)
 55 well propertied delegates- forced to hold
sessions in secrecy to secure better govt. (virtue of
Republicanism)
 George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, Ben
Franklin
Shaping a Conservative
Constitution
• Constitutional Delegates:
– Lawyers, merchants, land speculators, and money
lenders
– Young (Avg. 42)
– Experienced
– Curb excess of popular democracy
• Goal of delegates:
Shape stronger constitution w/safeguards against
mobocracy
Create strong and stable democracy free from
excess
Ex. Shays’s Rebellion- demonstrated mobocracy
Constitutional Compromises
• A of C scraped, not revised
• Large State Plan/VA Plan- bicameral legislature
based upon state population
• Small State Plan/NJ Plan- called for unicameral
legislature of equal representation
• Solution: Great Compromise- Bicameral
legislature (English tradition)
H of R: Representation based upon
population
Senate: Equal Representation- 2 per state
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3 branches of govt.
Checks and Balance System (Montesquieu)
Strong single executive
Electoral College system for electing Pres.
3/5th’s Compromise- Slaves counted as 3/5th’s
of a person when determining state’s
representation in Congress
• Commerce Compromise- Fed govt. controls
interstate commerce
• Slave trade to end in 1808
Constitutional Safeguards
• Barriers erected against “Mobocracy”
(excessive democracy)
Federal judges appointed for life term
Electoral College system for electing
President
State senators chosen by state legislatures
• Basic Constitutional Principles
Republicanism
Govt. based on consent of the governed
Limited govt. power
The Silence” & the Founding Fathers
• 1790- Quaker delegations and Pennsylvania Abolition
Society presented petitions in House of Reps calling
for immediate end to slave trade
Although Commerce Compromise (Sectional
Compromise) already addressed issue of slave
trade (slave trade to end in 1808), petitions
launched first public debate of slavery in American
govt.
Petitions evolved into calling for abolition of
institution of slavery itself
Spirit of ’76 not extended to slaves
• Pro-Slavery Arguments
• Bible
• People’s livelihoods
depended on slavery
• Understanding that Fed
govt. could not interfere
with slavery; precondition to ratification
of Const.
• Issue of slavery
compromised national
union
• “Necessary Evil”
• Abolitionist Arguments
• Slavery interpreted to
be of short duration, on
road to complete
extinction
• Compensate slave
owners with profits from
sale of western lands
• Silence = Slave
insurrection
• Original Intentions”- what was to be future of
slavery during revolutionary era?
• Spirit of ’76 disavowed institution of slavery to
permanent fixture in American society
Natural rights and egalitarian message of D of
I
Slavery was not compatible with D of I
Slave Paragraph of D of I omitted
State Constitutions in North
• Slavery imbedded into American psyche to resist
spirit of ‘76
• Sectionalism at Constitutional Convention
Not necessarily b/w large and small states, but
b/w slave and non-slave states (N vs. S)
Sectionalism led to fear of secession
• The Constitution and slavery- evasive
“Any clear resolution of the slavery questions
one way or the other rendered ratification of
Constitution virtually impossible”- Joseph Ellis
• Racial Integration- common fear of abolishing slaveryTJ
• Census of 1790- reinforced sectional and racial concerns
 Demonstrated that any plans for compensation not practical
 Slave population increasing- doubling every 25 years due to
natural reproduction
 Fires of Spirit of ’76 dwindling
• Perpetuation of slavery made possible by exposing flaws
in Abolitionist plans
• Stance of TJ and Madison
 Laissez-faire political approach- the government that governs the
least governs the best
• Result = Silence
Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists
• Federalists
• Antifederalists
• Educated and
propertied
• Concentrated in NE
and cities
• Conservative
• Advocates of stronger
states’ rights
• Strong farmer,
commoner, and
debtor support
• Called for written Bill
of Rights
Ratifying the Constitution
• Debate over Ratification (official approval)
• Did the new Constitution designate too much power to
the national govt. at the expense of the states?
• 9/13 states needed for ratification, not unanimity like A of
C
• State Assemblies voted on ratification of Constitution
(elected by people, therefore demonstrated popular
sovereignty- people are the ultimate source of govt.
power)
• Ratification process was hotly debated item- strong
holdouts- MA, NY, VA, NC, and RI
Federalist Papers
• Series of newspaper articles written by Hamilton,
John Jay, and James Madison
• Written to persuade public on merits of new Federal
Constitution and the secure unanimous ratification
Federalist no. 10-argued that republican govt.
could be applied to large territory; dangerous
factions eliminated due to elected representatives
pursuing common good- REPUBLICANISM
NY eventually ratified constitution
• Another conservative minority triumph
• Series of newspaper articles written by Hamilton,
John Jay, and James Madison
• Written to persuade public on merits of new
Federal Constitution and the secure unanimous
ratification
Federalist no. 10-argued that republican govt.
could be applied to large territory; dangerous
factions eliminated due to elected
representatives pursuing common goodREPUBLICANISM
NY eventually ratified constitution
• Another conservative minority triumph
What were the most important issues facing the
new nation, and how would the Washington
administration address them?
• Population doubling every 25 years
• 1790 census- 4 mil people, 90% rural
 Slavery reflected sectional issue
• Failed A of C- notion of political instability;
suspicion of strong central govt.
• Spanish controlled Mississippi and interior
• Tremendous national debt
• Global perception that new Republic would fail
to achieve goals
Washington’s Presidency
(1789-1796)
• Unanimously selected by electoral college
to become nation’s 1st President in 1789
• Created Cabinet (Unwritten Constitution)
Thomas Jefferson- Secretary of State
Alexander Hamilton- Secretary of Treasury
Henry Knox- Secretary of War
• Washington’s Cabinet bred political
parties
Hamilton represented Federalist ideas,
whereas TJ represented Antifederalist ideas
Completing the Constitution
• Bill of Rights
• Compromise to secure ratification of Constitution
b/w Federalists and Antifederalists
• 1791- Bill of Rights (First 10 Amendments)
ratified as part of Constitution
 Secured individual rights and liberties against govt.
 Amendment Process- Constitutional amendments
allow govt. to change with times- flexibility
Bill of Rights (1791)
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Amendment I- Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free
exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to
assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.
Amendment II- A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to
keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.
Amendment III- No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner,
nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.
Amendment IV- The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against
unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause,
supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to
be seized.
Amendment V- No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a
presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when
in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice
put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be
deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use,
without just compensation.
Amendment VI- In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an
impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been
previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with
the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the
assistance of counsel for his defense.
Amendment VII- In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of
trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United
States, than according to the rules of the common law.
Amendment VIII- Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual
punishments inflicted.
Amendment IX- The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage
others retained by the people.
Amendment X- The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the
states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.
Judiciary Act 1789
• Organized Supreme Court
5 Associate Justices
1 Chief Justice
Established Federal district and circuit courts
• John Jay- chosen to become first SC Chief
Justice
Author of Federalist Papers
Federalists ideas at heart of SC, continued by
John Marshall= strong central govt.
Hamilton’s Financial Plan
• Goal: shape fiscal policies to favor wealthy to
secure financial and moral support for govt.
• Prosperity would infiltrate propertied classes and
would trickle down to masses
 Trickle down economics (Ronald Reagan)
• Financial Plan:
 Assumption Plan
 Tariff and Excise Taxes
 National Bank
Hamilton
Assumption Plan
• Objective: Enhance national credit
Fund national debt at par (face value +
interest)
Assume state debts (assumption plan)
“Debt is blessing”- Why?
Debate over Federal Supremacy vs. States
Compromise- Federal District to move to
Potomac River near VA in return for support
for financial plan
Total National Debt = $75 mil
Tariff and Excise Tax
• Objective: Raise revenue to pay off
national debt
• Tariff- customs duty/tax on imported goods
Not only would the tariff secure revenue, but
would protect and encourage development of
infant American industry (Hamiltonian vision)
• Excise Tax- tax on domestic items
Whiskey distillers
National Bank
• Objective: Depository for federal money, but primary
purpose was to stimulate economic activity through
loans
 Modeled on Bank of England
 Powerful private institution w/ Fed Govt. as majority stock holder
 Print stable national currency
• Debate over Constitutionality of Bank
 Hamiltonians- loose interpretation/construction; “necessary and
proper”/elastic clause
 Jeffersonians- strict interpretation/construction
 Sectionalism- who did BUS benefit?
• Bus created in 1791; chartered for 20 years
Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
• Western PA Whiskey farmers called for non
payment of excise tax on whiskey
• Hmmm- Shays’s Rebellion (1786)demonstrated weaknesses of A of C
• How would Washington respond?
 Summoned 13k troops!
 Rebellion squashed
• ** Washington’s actions demonstrated power of
new Federal govt. under new Constitution**
1st Political Parties
• 1st political ideologies emerged during ratification of
Constitution- factions rather than political parties
 Federalists supported new Constitution featuring stronger central
govt.
 Antifederalists opposed new Constitution due to fear of stronger
central govt., weaker position of state govts., and absence of Bill
of Rights
• Washington’s Cabinet- personal rivalry b/w Hamilton
and TJ led to formation of formal political parties, not just
ideology
• Political Parties did not exist during colonial era or during
drafting of Constitution- another example of unwritten
Constitution
• Result: 2 party system
Federalist (Hamiltonian) Ideology
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Rule by elite
Fear of Mobocracy
Strong Natl. Govt.
Weak state govts.
Loose interpretation
Govt. encourages
business and economic
growth
• Protective Tariff
• Pro- British
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Debt is good
Assumption Plan
B.U.S.
Restrictions of speech
and press**
• Concentrated in NE and
coastal areas
• Strong Navy
• Vision: Industrial America
Democratic-Republican
(Jeffersonian) Ideology
• Rule by masses
• Encouraged growth of
democracy
• Weak Natl. Govt.
• Stronger state govts
• Strict Interpretation
• No special favors for
business
• Pro-French
• Debt is bad
• Reduce size of Natl. govt.
• State Banks rather than
B.U.S.
• Free speech and press
• Concentrated in South
and SW
• Vision: Agricultural
America
Washington’s Foreign Policy
• French Revolution- although Americans
embraced idea of democracy, radical phase of
revolution would divide America
• Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation (1793)declared that the U.S. would not intervene in
foreign affairs
 1st formal declaration of neutrality in world affairs
 Response to Revolution widening to war b/w France
and England
 Nation was too weak and fragile to risk involvement
 Essentially violated Franco-American Treaty
Impact of Neutrality Proclamation
• Jeffersonians:
Enraged due to pro-French stance
• Hamiltonians:
Supported in light of recent Citizen Genet
Affair as well as pro-British stance
• Citizen Genet Affair
French citizen attempted to recruit army to
invade Spanish Florida and British Canada
A Belligerent England
• British retained forts in Great Lakes region
 Also sought to make Indian buffer state to contain
America movement westward
 Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)- General “Mad
Anthony Wayne” crushed NW Indians
 Treaty of Greenville (1795)- Natives abandoned
alliance w/ British and ceded Ohio lands to U.S.
• British seizure of American ships and
impressment of U.S. sailors in West Indies
 Jeffersonians led outraged Americans to call for war
or embargo on England
Treaty of Greenville
Jay’s Treaty (1795)
• G.W. sent Chief Justice John Jay (Federalist) to England
in hopes of averting war
• Term’s of Jay’s Treaty:
 British promise to evacuate U.S. forts- again!
 Britain pay damages for seizures of ships
 Did not pledge against future seizures, impressments, or
supplying arms to native Americans
 U.S. pledge to repay all Revolutionary War debts
• Reaction to Jay’s Treaty:
 Jeffersonians outraged- disadvantaged southern farmers
 Treaty cemented Democratic-Republican Party
 Spain leery of Anglo-American alliance signed Pinckney’s
Treaty of 1795- free navigation of Miss. River
Farewell Address
• Established precedent for 2 term tradition
 Part of unwritten Constitution until 22nd Amend
• Farewell Address- printed in nation’s
newspapers
 Advised against permanent alliances
 Spoke about factions and evils of political parties
• Impact of Washington’s Presidency:
 Established power of strong and stable Fed govt.
 Successful Hamiltonian financial plan
 Kept nation out of war and alliance
 Growth of partisanship
1796 Election and French
Diplomacy
• Washington’s VP John Adams vs. TJ
• Election marked by partisan attacks
• Adams elected P, and TJ VP
 12th Amendment- separate ballots for P and VP
• France:
 Worried about possible Anglo-American Treaty
 Believed U.S. violated Franco-American Treaty
 France began to seize and impress American merchants
• U.S. Response:
 Adams sought to avoid war
 XYZ Affair- American diplomats asked for $250k bribe to speak
w/ Tallyrand
 Although U.S. prepared for war (creation of Navy, Marines, and
Army) Adams kept U.S. out of war with France
Adams
Partisanship Under Adams
• Adams saw war w/France as disadvantageous
• Called for new diplomat to be sent to France
• Pro-War Federalists outraged- blown opportunity
to seize Florida and Louisiana
• Convention of 1800- treaty b/w U.S. and
Napoleon
 Terminated Franco-American Treaty of 1778
 France to repay damages for seizures
• Adams’s actions averted war, paved way for LA
purchase, but alienated himself from Federalists
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)
• Federalists witch hunts
• Goal: Acts sought to reduce power and influence of
Jeffersonians; both reaction to anti-French sentiment
• Alien Act- raised residency requirements from 5 to 14
years to become citizen; power of deportment
 Most immigrants were poor farmers, and naturally attracted to
Dem-Rep Party
• Sedition Act-significantly curtailed freedom of speech
and press (too much democracy)
 Aimed at Jeffersonian publishers, fine or imprisonment for
attacking Federalist policies in govt.
 Seemingly direct violation of Constitution, but SC headed by
Federalists
VA/KY Resolutions
• Drafted my Madison and Jefferson in response
to Alien and Sedition Acts
• Compact Theory- union made of 13 sovereign
states made compact in forming govt., therefore
states created national govt.
• Nullification- power of states to declare Federal
laws unconstitutional
• Beginning of States’ Rights theory- states held
supreme power over national govt.
• How would Election of 1800 be determinedFederalist or Democratic-Republican ideas?
• What impact would Jefferson’s presidency
have upon American politics, the economy,
and foreign affairs?
Revolution of 1800
• Election of 1800- Adams (Fed) vs. TJ (DR)
 Tie in electoral votes b/w TJ and Burr (running mates)
 Federalist dominated H of R voted for TJ
• Revolution of 1800- peaceful transfer of political
power from Federalists to Dem-Reps
• How Revolutionary?
 In midst of war hungry Federalists and partisanship,
nation rolled with democratic sentiment to adhere to
Constitution and virtues of Republicanism
 Jefferson maintain Federalist programs
 “The govt. that governs the least governs the best”
Jefferson
Federalist Contributions
• Adams- last Federalist President
• Federalist Contributions:
Established strong central govt.
Established stable financial plan
Avoided European wars
Jefferson’s Inaugural Address
(1801)
• Goal: Emphasized democratic principles
and reconciliation with Federalists
– “We are all Federalists, we are all
Republicans”
– Foreign policy of neutrality
– Did not seek to overhaul govt. and throw out
Federalist programs
Jeffersonian Restraint = Revolution
• Alien and Sedition Acts expired
• Naturalization Law of 1802- 5 yr residency
• Maintained Hamiltonian financial system
with exception of excise tax (taxed
farmers)
Albert Gallatin- able Secretary of Treasury
Maintained funding debt at par
Maintained BUS
Maintained tariff
Judiciary Act 1801
• Federalist bill created under Adams
• Created 16 federal judgeships to be
packed with Federalists- “Midnight
Appointment”
• Jeffersonian Congress repealed act when
assumed office, but Federalist Chief
Justice JOHN MARSHALL would shape
S.C. decisions for next 30 years
The John Marshall Court
• MARBURY vs. MADISON (1803)- establishes
SC’s power of judicial review: power to interpret
the Constitution and declare a law or action by
Congress unconstitutional
 Part of unwritten constitution
 Marshall’s decisions: Federalist decisions, power of
Federal govt. strengthened at expense of states
• Jeffersonians attempt to impeach Samuel Chase
on “high crimes and misdemeanors”
 Attempt fails- impeachment seen as partisan attack
John Marshall
Jefferson and War
• Although TJ reduced size of Navy, pirates in
Mediterranean forced him to adjust stance
• 1801- Pasha of Tripoli informally declared war
on US for lack of adequate bribes***
• Jefferson’s response?
 Sent Navy to “shores of Tripoli”
 Treaty of Tripoli (1805)- $60k payment to free
American sailors
 Initiated construction of small gunboats to protect
American shores- “mosquito fleet”
Louisiana Purchase (1803)
• James Monroe sent to Paris to buy New Orleans
and as much of LA territory possible for $10 mil
 Goal: secure access to Miss. River and eliminate
potential conflict w/ France
• Napoleon offered entire LA territory for $15 mil/3
cents per acre, but why?
 Napoleon gave up dreams of Empire in western
hemisphere due to Haitian Revolution under
Toussaint L’Overture
 Hoped that generous deal would strengthen US to
rival England
• Jefferson’s dilemma- is the LA purchase constitutional?
 Strict vs. Loose Construction
 TJ forced to abandon ideals yet once again to take advantage of
deal
 Entertained idea of passing amendment, but not timely solution
 Impact of purchase:
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Size of US doubled
Control of Miss. River
Continued trend of westward expansion
New states = republican support (agrarian interests)
“Valley of Democracy”
Provided sense of nationalism
Louisiana Purchase (1803)
Lewis and Clarke Expeditions
• Lewis and Clarke sent to explore LA
territory for natural resources
Navigated the Missouri River to west coast
Aided by Sacajawea
Raised scientific knowledge of nature, created
maps, greater knowledge of Native culture
Neutral America
• U.S. profiting from trade with both France and
England despite Napoleon’s War
• Battle of Trafalgar- England defeated combined
French-Spanish fleet and dominated the seas
• Battle of Austerlitz- Napoleon dominated the
continent
• Orders of Councils- England forced merchant
ships to dock at British ports 1st and pay fees
 France responded by seizing all merchant ships
British impressments!
• Forcible enlistment of sailors by British Navy to
provide manpower for war w/France
• 6k Americans impressed from 1808-1811 in
British Navy
• Many British sailors fled to U.S. merchants for
financial gain
 Chesapeake Incident- British forced American
merchant ship to release deserters, ship sunk and
Americans killed
 Although both Feds and Reps wanted war, TJ called
for immediate end to British impressments- but
denied!!
Jefferson’s Embargo Act (1807)
• U.S. could not risk war due to weak Navy- TJ
• TJ believed that American supplies and foodstuffs were
necessary to European powers, if cut off supply,
belligerent practices would end
• Embargo Act of 1807- forbade export of all American
goods
 TJ adopted loose interpretation of Const. to stop trade, not just
control commerce
 Resulted in total destruction of American trade and seaports,
soup kitchens, farmers had oversupply of goods
 Many Americans resorted to illegal trade
• Embargo Act repealed in 1809, replaced with NonIntercourse Act- reopened trade with rest of world, less
France and England
Impact of Embargo
• Embargo more costly than securing strong
Navy
• Relations with England shattered
• Brief revival of Federalist Party
• Embargo encouraged development of
industrial American in NE (irony)
• England repealed Orders of Councils in
midst if mounting British unemployment,
but U.S. ready to declare war on England
• What were the causes and consequences
(ESP) of the War of 1812?
Madison and France
• With expiration of Non-Intercourse Act of
1809, Congress adopted Macon’s Bill
No.2
Permitted trade with rest of world minus F and
B
Pledged to restore trade with first country to
life trade restrictions (bribe to restore trade)
Napoleon accepted terms hoping for war b/w
U.S. and England
Non-intercourse agreements remained intact
w/England
Madison
War Hawks
• Chiefly from S and W
• Led by Speaker of the House Henry Clay (KY)
• Goal #1-Wipe out Indian threat on frontier
 Believed that British Canadians supplying Indian
resistance movement on frontier
 General William Henry Harrison destroyed Indian
villages at Battle of Tippecanoe and Thames (last
ditch effort for Indian alliance)
 General Andrew Jackson destroyed Indians at Battle
of Horseshoe Bend
 Battles signified last Indian effort to halt white
expansion into west
• Goal #2- “On to Canada”
 Wipe out base of Indian support
• Goal #3- Stop British Impressment
 Impressment damaging southern agricultural
shipments
• Goal #4- Wage war on England
 Engineered vote to declare war on England in 1812
 Vote reflected purely sectional interests- votes from S
and W vs. N
• Why fight British rather than French (true foe)?
 British impressment
 British support of Native Americans
 Pro-French stance of DR’s and War Hawks
 Desired Canada
• Those opposed to war?
 NE shippers and manufacturers
 Pro-British NE
 Canada represented Agricultural vision of DR’s
 NE’s supported British during War of 1812!!!
“On to Canada!!”
• War of 1812- widespread disunity
 War hawk faction leading charge
 Embargo/non-intercourse hurting economy
 BUS expired
 Inadequate army/navy
• Strategy for Canada- offensive invasion
• 3 pronged invasion for invasion- failed miserably
• With defeat of Napoleon in Europe in 1814,
British troops sent to U.S. and war became
defensive war
Washington Burned and New
Orleans
• Washington D.C.- Capital building and white
house burned in 1814
 Defense of Fort McHenry- “Star Spangled Banner”
• Battle of New Orleans- General Andrew Jackson
 British blunder resulted in 2k casualties
 Battle occurred 2 weeks after peace treaty signed
 AJ became war hero
Bombs Bursting in Air
Accomplishments of American
Navy
• Only 16 ships in Navy at beginning of war
Yet American Navy outperformed British Navy
• American Privateers- “Militia of the Sea”
More damaging than actual Navy
Captured and destroyed British ships
• British Naval Blockade- severely crippled
American economy during war
Treaty of Ghent (1814)
• Concluded War of 1812
• Secured America’s “Second War for
Independence”
• Treaty essentially an armistice
 Fighting ended and conquered territories restored
 American grievances not addressed by Treaty- Indian
threat, Orders of Council, seizure, impressment
 Treaty reflects that America did not win war, fought for
terms
• Americans rejoiced at Treaty- “Not one inch of
territory ceded or lost”
Hartford Convention (1814-1815)
• Federalist NE strongly opposed War
Possibility of secession
• Goal of Hartford Convention- secure
financial assistance from Washington
Majority of delegated favored stating
grievances rather than secession
• Impact of Hartford Convention- death of
Federalist Party
Party tainted by treason
Impact of War of 1812
• America successfully fought “2nd War of
Independence”
• National disunity and Sectionalism
• Infant American industries stimulated by British
blockade
• NATIONALISM
 Education
 Art
 BUS
 National Capital
 Stronger Army and Navy
Henry Clay’s “American System”
(1824)
• Example of economic nationalism
• British dumped products on American market after War
of 1812 below prices of domestic goods
• Tariff of 1816- first tariff in American history meant for
protection, not revenue (Rep Congress!!)
• 3 Parts of American System
 Strong banking system to provide credit
 Protective tariff to encourage E manufacturing
 Network of roads and canals- economically tie country together
• Prior to AS, states responsible for development of
infrastructure- Ex. Erie Canal
“Era of Good Feelings”
• James Monroe elected P in 1816 (4th
consecutive VA Pres)
• Goodwill tour to usher in “Era of Good
feelings”- boost nationalism, dispel
sectionalism; meant to characterize the
administration of Monroe
• However, early prosperity would be
overcome by economic and sectional
issues
Monroe
Panic of 1819
• First National financial panic since
Washington’s administration
• Deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank
failures, unemployment, poverty
• Cause: OVERSPECULATION OF LANDS
 State “Wildcat” banks gave out too many loans that
were not being repaid, foreclosed upon by BUS
 West especially hard hit; growing resentment towards
BUS; common man needed figure to rely on
(eventually Andrew Jackson supporters)
Westward Movement
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•
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Cheap land- “Ohio Fever”
Immigrants seeking economic democracy
Indebted easterners trekked westward
Native Americans pushed further
westward, allowing for settling of frontier
lands
• Highways and routes into westCumberland Road
• Land Act of 1820- $1.25/acre
Missouri and Sectionalism
• 1819- Missouri applied for statehood
• Tallmadge Amendment- no more slaves allowed
in MI and gradual emancipation for slave’s
children
 Although bill defeated, sectionalism became
intertwined with spread of slavery into western
territories
• Country abided by 2 state rule to maintain
sectional balance (11 free vs. 11 slave)
 MI to be first state carved from LA purchase, future of
west and slavery became one
MO Compromise (1820)
• Engineered by the Henry Clay- “The Great
Compromiser”
• MI admitted as slave state; Maine admitted as free state
to maintain sectional balance
• 36°30’ line established for LA Territory
 All future states north of the line free
 All future states south of the line slave
• Northern or southern victory?
 North- Congress had ability to restrict growth of slavery
 South- slavery continuing to spread
• Missouri Compromise also reflected “silence”
Decisions of John Marshall Court
• Marbury vs. Madison- established power of judicial review
• Cohens vs. VA-lottery tickets; SC has power to review state
supreme court decisions
• Gibbons vs. Ogden- Federal government has sole control over
interstate commerce
• Fletcher vs. Peck- protection of contract; supremacy clause
• Dartmouth College vs. Woodward- protected business contracts
from state intervention, but allowed development of monopolies
• McCulloch vs. Maryland- BUS ruled constitutional; “power to tax
involves the power to destroy”
• Worchester vs. Georgia- state forced Native Americans to leave
contrary to JM’s decision; “John Marshall has made his decision,
now let him enforce it”- AJ
Monroe’s Foreign Policy
• Oregon Territory and the Treaty of 1818
w/Britain
 Shared fisheries in Newfoundland
 Fixed N border at 49th parallel
 10 year joint Occupation of Oregon territory
• Florida
 Native Americans pacifies by military exploits of
General Andrew Jackson
 Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819- Spain ceded Florida
to U.S. in return for abandoning any claims to Texas
Monroe Doctrine
• With democratic Revolutions and zealous European
monarchs seeking to extend territorial control and
influence in western hemisphere, U.S. and Britain would
issue statement warning despots to leave Latin
American nations alone
• Monroe Doctrine (1823)- called for non-colonization and
nonintervention of European nations in Latin America
 Response to Russian interests in Alaska, and Spanish interests
in C and S America
 Russo-American Treaty of 1824- fixed s boundary of Alaska at
54°40’ line
 Pledge of non-interference in European affairs; reaffirmed
American neutrality and isolation from European conflicts
(illusion); boasted sense of nationalism; proclamation of selfdefense
American Territorial Gains