Transcript Specific Identification of Organic Pollutants in the

Specific Identification of Organic
Pollutants in the Catawba Watershed
Wastewater Treatment Plant
Effluents
John Turner
Faculty Mentor: Dr. Pat Owens
Faculty Committee Members: Dr. Pat Owens,
Dr. Cliff Calloway, Dr. Peter Phillips
Threats posed by organics
• Many are toxic (harmful),
carcinogenic (cancercausing), or mutagenic
(capable of altering
genetic material) at very
low levels
• Many organics have been
shown to be endocrine
disruptors capable of
altering the sex of fishes
• May have the capability
for bioaccumulation in the
fat cells and membranes
From The Charlotte Observer
October 4th, 2004
The Status Quo
• Presently there is no
testing of organic levels
in WWTP effluents within
the Catawba watershed
• Furthermore, testing of
drinking water and river
water for organics is not
being done.
• Some organics such as
1,4-dioxane have been
known to travel as far as
200 kilometers from its
point of entry in a
watershed. (Draper et al, 2000)
Research Design and Methods
• Collection of WWTP samples
– Bottle washing procedure
• Glass bottles (approximately 600
mL) were used with glass
stoppers
• 2 mL HPLC grade Methanol
added to each bottle
• Stoppers returned to bottle and
rolled and flipped so that
Methanol completely covered the
inside of the bottle
• This was then repeated using
reagent grade Ethyl Acetate
• Unstopped bottles were placed in
a dry oven at 108oC for 24 hours
Research Design and Methods
• Collection of WWTP samples
– Samples were collected from 2 WWTPs
• Samples were collected from Rock Hill (Manchester Creek)
and Fort Mill WWTPs.
• The samples that were collected were composite samples
WWTP Locations
• Rock Hill WWTP
(Manchester)
• Fort Mill WWTP
Research Design and Methods
• Organic Extraction
– The Basic Apparatus
Glass Funnel
Membrane Filter
Vacuum Hose
Erlenmeyer Vacuum Flask
Research Design and Methods
• Organic Extraction
– Empore C18 Membrane Filter Preparation
• An Empore C18 Membrane Filter was placed at the bottom of
the Glass Funnel on the screen.
• 25 grams of Empore Filter Aid glass beads were added to the
funnel
• The disk was washed with 20 mL of elution solvent (methanol
or ethyl acetate) and then allowed to dry
• 20 mL of methanol was used to condition the disk
Research Design and Methods
• Organic Extraction
– Concentration of Organics onto the filter
• The sample was decanted into the glass funnel.
• The vacuum was then applied and the sample was allowed
to run through the disk.
• The vacuum was allowed to continue to run for 5-20 minutes
so that residual water was removed.
Research Design and Methods
• Organic Extraction
– Organic Elution
• The organics were eluted
from the disk into an
organic phase, and they
were collected by placing
a Kuderna-Danish flask
under the membrane filter.
• 10 mL of elution solvent
was then added (either
methanol or ethyl acetate)
so that it covered the disk
completely
• The vacuum was used to
pull the solvent that now
contains the organics into
the Kuderna-Danish flask.
Research Design and Methods
• Organic Extraction
– Concentration of Elution
• Once the organics were
concentrated into 10 mL of
solvent they were further
concentrated for analysis.
• Two mL of elution solvent
was removed.
• Then the remaining 8 mL
of elution solvent was
evaporated down to
approximately 1 mL.
• This was done by blowing
a gentle stream of
nitrogen that passed
through an organic carbon
filter over the solvent.
Research Design and Methods
• Organic Extraction
– Analytical Plan
500 mL of Water
1/50th
10 mL of extract
1 μL analyzed
1/500th
1 mL of extract
1 μL analyzed
Research Design and Methods
•Run Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
• 1 μl of extract was injected
into the GC column
• The extract contains a
mixture of the organics
that were originally found
in the wastewater but
have now been
concentrated into an
organic phase.
• The GC column separated
the analytes based upon
their polarity.
• The MS measured the
molecular weight of the
various ions and a
chromatogram was
produced.
Results
• Siloxanes
• Phenol
• Phthalates
Siloxanes – D5
Overlaid Chromatogram Plots
Plot 1:
Plot 2:
Plot 3:
Plot 4:
c:\saturnws1\jaturner\dwetha11.sms RIC all
c:\saturnws1\jaturner\fmetha11.sms RIC all
c:\saturnws1\jaturner\rhetha10.sms RIC all
c:\saturnws1\jaturner\methaceblank1.sms RIC all
Spect 1
BP 73 (47400=100%) rhetha10.sms
100%
8.044 min. Scan: 520 Chan: 1 Ion: 1285 us RIC: 253782 EBC
73
356
75%
50%
25%
268
133
0%
193
100
223
200
300
400
500
kCounts
600
m/z
dwetha11.sms RIC all
fmetha11.sms RIC all
rhetha10.sms RIC all
methaceblank1.sms RIC all
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
7.8
7.9
8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
minutes
• Rock Hill
WWTP
• 8.044 min
with Ethyl
Acetate
• 8.043 min
with
Methanol
D5 (cyclopentasiloxane)
CH3
H3C
Si
O
H3C
CH3
O
Si
Si
CH3
H3C
O
O
Si
Si
CH3
O
H3C
CH3
CH3
Pre-Search Hits Found:
448
Saturn Fit Search Parameters
Threshold:
Target Ion Range:
Library MW Range:
Library Ion Range:
Local Normalization:
Requested Pre-Search:
Requested Final Search:
Search 3 Libraries:
700
50 - 360
0 - 2000
All of Library Entry
On
250
25
A. c:\saturnws1\satlib\tutorial.lbr
B. c:\saturnws1\satlib\nist98r.lbr
C. c:\saturnws1\satlib\nist98m.lbr
Library Match for D5
Hit 4 Fit: 841 RFit: 793 Purity: 783
Target
BP 73 (47400=100%) rhetha10.sms
73
8.044 min. Scan: 520 Chan: 1 Ion: 1285 us RIC: 253782 EBC
100%
356
75%
50%
25%
61
88
0%
102
118
163
133
H3C
100%
75%
193
179
223
207
237
355
50%
O
H3C
59
Si
+
Si
162 H3C 179
193
207
223
+
251
Si
323
309
Si
8.044 min. Scan:
520 Chan: 1 Ion: 1285 usH3RIC:
253782 EBC
C
O
Cyclopentasiloxane, decamethylSi
50%
SiH
O
O
H3C
H3C
CH3
339
O
+
100%
0%
237
CH3
O
O
H3C
Si
CH
133
3
Target Normalized
Diff
CH3
H3C
267
SiH
45
340
CH3
H3C
73
25%
323
310
Cyclopentasiloxane, decamethylCAS No. 541-02-6, C10H30O5Si5, MW 370
BP 355 (100000=100%) 20952 in nist98r.lbr
0%
268
251
Si
CH3
Si
CH3
O
H3C
CH3
CH3
-50%
-100%
50
100
150
200
250
Target Spectrum from c:\saturnws1\jaturner\rhetha10.sms
Scan No: 520, Time: 8.044 minutes
No averaging. Background corrected (E).
Comment: 8.044 min. Scan: 520 Chan: 1 Ion: 1285 us RIC: 253782 EBC
Pair Count: 139 MW: 0 Formula: None CAS No: None Acquired Range: 50 - 650
300
350
m/z
Siloxanes – D6 (cyclohexasiloxane)
Overlaid Chromatogram Plots
Plot 1:
Plot 2:
Plot 3:
Plot 4:
c:\saturnws1\jaturner\dwetha11.sms RIC all
c:\saturnws1\jaturner\fmetha11.sms RIC all
c:\saturnws1\jaturner\rhetha10.sms RIC all
c:\saturnws1\jaturner\methaceblank1.sms RIC all
Spect 1
BP 342 (12115=100%) rhetha10.sms
11.915 min. Scan: 787 Chan: 1 Ion: 5455 us RIC: 56782 EBC
342
100%
429
75%
73
50%
25%
147
115
0%
100
223
191
200
252
295
300
400
kCounts
500
600
m/z
dwetha11.sms RIC all
fmetha11.sms RIC all
rhetha10.sms RIC all
methaceblank1.sms RIC all
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
12.0
minutes
• Rock Hill
WWTP
• 11.915 min
with Ethyl
Acetate
Saturn Fit Search Results
Hits Found:
Pre-Search Hits Found:
25
657
Saturn Fit Search Parameters
Threshold:
Target Ion Range:
Library MW Range:
Library Ion Range:
Local Normalization:
Requested Pre-Search:
Requested Final Search:
Search 3 Libraries:
Library Match for D6
700
50 - 435
0 - 2000
All of Library Entry
On
250
25
A. c:\saturnws1\satlib\tutorial.lbr
B. c:\saturnws1\satlib\nist98r.lbr
C. c:\saturnws1\satlib\nist98m.lbr
Loss of 88
Hit 7 Fit: 811 RFit: 758 Purity: 754
Target
BP 342 (12115=100%) rhetha10.sms
11.915 min. Scan: 787 Chan: 1 Ion: 5455 us RIC: 56782 EBC
342
100%
429
75%
73
50%
25%
57
115
0%
147
166
191
208
223
295
252
326
398
414
Cyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl-
CAS No. 540-97-6, C12H36O6Si6, MW 444
CH
3
BP 73 (100000=100%) 27931 in nist98m.lbr
73
100%
341
75%
429
50%
25%
117
0%
191
H3C
Target Normalized
Diff
325
147
45
207
267
397
Si11.915 min. Scan: 787
CHChan:
3 1 Ion: 5455 us RIC: 56782 EBC
413
Cyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl-
100%
50%
0%
-50%
-100%
CH3
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
m/z
Target Spectrum from c:\saturnws1\jaturner\rhetha10.sms
Scan No: 787, Time: 11.915 minutes
No averaging. Background corrected (E).
Comment: 11.915 min. Scan: 787 Chan: 1 Ion: 5455 us RIC: 56782 EBC
Pair Count: 150 MW: 0 Formula: None CAS No: None Acquired Range: 50 - 650
|
Ion
50
Int
25
%BP
Ion
0 | 104
Int
%BP
35
Ion
0 | 191
Int
%BP
90
Ion
Int
1 | 294
%BP
41
0 |
Siloxanes – D7(cycloheptasiloxante)
Overlaid Chromatogram Plots
Plot 1:
Plot 2:
Plot 3:
Plot 4:
c:\saturnws1\jaturner\dwetha11.sms RIC all
c:\saturnws1\jaturner\fmetha11.sms RIC all
c:\saturnws1\jaturner\rhetha10.sms RIC all
c:\saturnws1\jaturner\methaceblank1.sms RIC all
Spect 1
BP 416 (31362=100%) rhetha10.sms
100%
16.512 min. Scan: 1104 Chan: 1 Ion: 1702 us RIC: 273954 EBC
416
73
281
75%
50%
504
147
342
25%
222
251
103
0%
100
200
300
400
500
kCounts
600
m/z
dwetha11.sms RIC all
fmetha11.sms RIC all
rhetha10.sms RIC all
methaceblank1.sms RIC all
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6
16.7
16.8
minutes
• Rock Hill
WWTP
• 16.512 min
with Ethyl
Acetate
Hits Found:
Pre-Search Hits Found:
25
605
Saturn Fit Search Parameters
Threshold:
Target Ion Range:
Library MW Range:
Library Ion Range:
Local Normalization:
Requested Pre-Search:
Requested Final Search:
Search 3 Libraries:
700
50 - 510
0 - 2000
All of Library Entry
On
250
25
A. c:\saturnws1\satlib\tutorial.lbr
B. c:\saturnws1\satlib\nist98r.lbr
C. c:\saturnws1\satlib\nist98m.lbr
Library Match for D7
Hit 22 Fit: 781 RFit: 703 Purity: 701
Target
BP 416 (31362=100%) rhetha10.sms
73
16.512 min. Scan: 1104 Chan: 1 Ion: 1702 us RIC: 273954 EBC
416
100%
281
75%
50%
504
147
342
25%
222
103
0%
251
439
Cycloheptasiloxane, tetradecamethylCAS No. 107-50-6, C14H42O7Si7, MW 518
BP 73 (100000=100%) 27714 in nist98m.lbr
73
100%
281
75%
147
50%
415
327
25%
503
221
0%
Target Normalized
Diff
16.512 min. Scan: 1104 Chan: 1 Ion: 1702 us RIC: 273954 EBC
Cycloheptasiloxane, tetradecamethyl-
100%
50%
0%
-50%
-100%
100
200
300
400
m/z
Target Spectrum from c:\saturnws1\jaturner\rhetha10.sms
Scan No: 1104, Time: 16.512 minutes
No averaging. Background corrected (E).
Comment: 16.512 min. Scan: 1104 Chan: 1 Ion: 1702 us RIC: 273954 EBC
Pair Count: 192 MW: 0 Formula: None CAS No: None Acquired Range: 50 - 650
|
Ion
53
Int
40
%BP
Ion
0 | 187
Int
102
%BP
Ion
0 | 265
Int
%BP
625
Ion
Int
%BP
2 | 370
235
1 |
Siloxanes – D8 (cyclooctasiloxane)
Overlaid Chromatogram Plots
Plot 1:
Plot 2:
Plot 3:
Plot 4:
c:\saturnws1\jaturner\dwetha11.sms RIC all
c:\saturnws1\jaturner\fmetha11.sms RIC all
c:\saturnws1\jaturner\rhetha10.sms RIC all
c:\saturnws1\jaturner\methaceblank1.sms RIC all
Spect 1
BP 356 (100997=100%) rhetha10.sms
21.165 min. Scan: 1425 Chan: 1 Ion: 1183 us RIC: 468472 EBC
• Rock Hill
WWTP
• 21.165 min
with Ethyl
Acetate
356
100%
75%
50%
73
25%
415
147
281
221
489
326
577
0%
100
200
300
400
500
kCounts
600
m/z
dwetha11.sms RIC all
fmetha11.sms RIC all
rhetha10.sms RIC all
methaceblank1.sms RIC all
500
400
300
200
100
0
20.8
20.9
21.0
21.1
21.2
21.3
21.4
minutes
Siloxanes – D9 (cyclononasiloxane)
Overlaid Chromatogram Plots
Plot 1:
Plot 2:
Plot 3:
Plot 4:
c:\saturnws1\jaturner\dwetha11.sms RIC all
c:\saturnws1\jaturner\fmetha11.sms RIC all
c:\saturnws1\jaturner\rhetha10.sms RIC all
c:\saturnws1\jaturner\methaceblank1.sms RIC all
Spect 1
BP 430 (99451=100%) rhetha10.sms
25.371 min. Scan: 1715 Chan: 1 Ion: 1307 us RIC: 474838 EBC
430
100%
75%
50%
73
25%
356
475
222
148
282
402
531
0%
100
200
300
400
563
500
kCounts
600
m/z
dwetha11.sms RIC all
fmetha11.sms RIC all
rhetha10.sms RIC all
methaceblank1.sms RIC all
500
400
300
200
100
0
25.0
25.1
25.2
25.3
25.4
25.5
25.6
minutes
• Rock Hill
WWTP
• 25.317 &
35.826 min
with Ethyl
Acetate
Siloxanes – D10 (cyclododecasiloxane)
Overlaid Chromatogram Plots
Plot 1:
Plot 2:
Plot 3:
Plot 4:
c:\saturnws1\jaturner\dwetha11.sms RIC all
c:\saturnws1\jaturner\fmetha11.sms RIC all
c:\saturnws1\jaturner\rhetha10.sms RIC all
c:\saturnws1\jaturner\methaceblank1.sms RIC all
Spect 1
BP 73 (28943=100%) rhetha10.sms
100%
29.171 min. Scan: 1977 Chan: 1 Ion: 1725 us RIC: 316048 EBC
73
504
75%
430
282
50%
356
25%
147
221
476
549
0%
100
200
300
400
500
kCounts
600
m/z
dwetha11.sms RIC all
fmetha11.sms RIC all
rhetha10.sms RIC all
methaceblank1.sms RIC all
300
200
100
0
28.7
28.8
28.9
29.0
29.1
29.2
29.3
minutes
• Rock Hill
• 29.171, 32.651,
38.769, 41.553,
44.177, 46.642,
48.208, and
49.746 min with
Ethyl Acetate
• 15.744 min with
Methanol
• Fort Mill
• 37.174 and
42.471min with
Ethyl Acetate
• 45.103 min with
Methanol
Saturn Fit Search Results
Hits Found:
Pre-Search Hits Found:
25
511
Saturn Fit Search Parameters
Threshold:
Target Ion Range:
Library MW Range:
Library Ion Range:
Local Normalization:
Requested Pre-Search:
Requested Final Search:
Search 3 Libraries:
700
35 - 650
0 - 2000
All of Library Entry
On
250
25
A. c:\saturnws1\satlib\tutorial.lbr
B. c:\saturnws1\satlib\nist98r.lbr
C. c:\saturnws1\satlib\nist98m.lbr
Library Match for D10
Hit 5 Fit: 795 RFit: 503 Purity: 477
Target
BP 430 (2099=100%) fmetha11.sms
37.174 min. Scan: 2529 Chan: 1 Ion: 6585 us RIC: 30535 EBC
430
73
100%
75%
356
222
50%
503
147
295
25%
623
0%
100%
BP 147 (100000=100%) 66337 in nist98m.lbr
147
221
75%
Tetracosamethyl-cyclododecasiloxane
C24H72O12Si12, MW 888
355
429
281
50%
25%
74
503
Target Normalized
Diff
873
651
577
0%
37.174 min. Scan: 2529 Chan: 1 Ion: 6585 us RIC: 30535 EBC
Tetracosamethyl-cyclododecasiloxane
100%
50%
0%
-50%
-100%
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
m/z
Target Spectrum from c:\saturnws1\jaturner\fmetha11.sms
Scan No: 2529, Time: 37.174 minutes
No averaging. Background corrected (E).
Comment: 37.174 min. Scan: 2529 Chan: 1 Ion: 6585 us RIC: 30535 EBC
Pair Count: 468 MW: 0 Formula: None CAS No: None Acquired Range: 50 - 650
|
Ion
50
Int
19
%BP
Ion
1 | 207
Int
148
%BP
Ion
7 | 368
Int
%BP
45
Ion
Int
2 | 510
%BP
37
2 |
Risks Associated with Siloxanes
• Bioaccumulation in tissues and organs
• Capable of inhibiting estrogen, leading to
reproductive problems
Phenol
Overlaid Chromatogram Plots
Plot 1:
Plot 2:
Plot 3:
Plot 4:
c:\saturnws1\jaturner\dwetha11.sms RIC all
c:\saturnws1\jaturner\fmetha11.sms RIC all
c:\saturnws1\jaturner\rhetha10.sms RIC all
c:\saturnws1\jaturner\methaceblank1.sms RIC all
Spect 1
BP 191 (20274=100%) rhetha10.sms
17.699 min. Scan: 1186 Chan: 1 Ion: 5670 us RIC: 48351 EBC
191
100%
75%
50%
25%
57
163
91
281
0%
355
600
500
400
300
200
100
m/z
dwetha11.sms RIC all
fmetha11.sms RIC all
rhetha10.sms RIC all
methaceblank1.sms RIC all
kCounts
60
50
40
30
20
10
17.3
17.4
17.5
17.6
17.7
17.8
17.9
minutes
• Rock Hill
WWTP
• 17.699 min
with Ethyl
Acetate
• 17.672 min
with
Methanol
Saturn Fit Search Results
Hits Found:
Pre-Search Hits Found:
25
419
Saturn Fit Search Parameters
Threshold:
Target Ion Range:
Library MW Range:
Library Ion Range:
Local Normalization:
Requested Pre-Search:
Requested Final Search:
Search 3 Libraries:
Library Match for Phenol
700
50 - 510
0 - 2000
All of Library Entry
On
250
25
A. c:\saturnws1\satlib\tutorial.lbr
B. c:\saturnws1\satlib\nist98r.lbr
C. c:\saturnws1\satlib\nist98m.lbr
Hit 1 Fit: 989 RFit: 922 Purity: 917
Target
BP 191 (20274=100%) rhetha10.sms
17.699 min. Scan: 1186 Chan: 1 Ion: 5670 us RIC: 48351 EBC
191
100%
75%
50%
25%
57
206
77
0%
91
107
135
147
163
175
281
355
Phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)CAS No. 96-76-4, C14H22O, MW 206
191
BP 191 (100000=100%) 17896 in nist98r.lbr
100%
75%
50%
57
25%
206
74
91
107
0%
128
147
Target Normalized
Diff
163
175
17.699 min. Scan: 1186 Chan: 1 Ion: 5670 us RIC: 48351 EBC
Phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-
100%
50%
0%
-50%
-100%
50
100
150
200
250
300
m/z
Target Spectrum from c:\saturnws1\jaturner\rhetha10.sms
Scan No: 1186, Time: 17.699 minutes
No averaging. Background corrected (E).
Comment: 17.699 min. Scan: 1186 Chan: 1 Ion: 5670 us RIC: 48351 EBC
Pair Count: 116 MW: 0 Formula: None CAS No: None Acquired Range: 50 - 650
Ion
Int
%BP
Ion
Int
%BP
Ion
Int
%BP
Ion
Int
%BP
Risks Associated with Phenol
• Most affects are related to the exposure to
large quantities over time
• Probably not a major problem unless
found in substantial quantities
Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Overlaid Chromatogram Plots
Plot 1:
Plot 2:
Plot 3:
Plot 4:
c:\saturnws1\jaturner\dwblankmeth1ml1.sms RIC all
c:\saturnws1\jaturner\fmmeth1ml1st0.sms RIC all
c:\saturnws1\jaturner\2000.40106.sms RIC all
c:\saturnws1\jaturner\methanolblank1.sms RIC all
Spect 1
BP 149 (625=100%) 2000.40106.sms
100%
75%
42.699 min. Scan: 2910 Chan: 1 Ion: 22351 us RIC: 4700 EBC
149
55
50%
25%
279
104
221
193
326
358
416
492
520
551
609
638
0%
100
200
300
400
kCounts
500
600
m/z
dwblankmeth1ml1.sms RIC all
fmmeth1ml1st0.sms RIC all
2000.40106.sms RIC all
MethanolBlank1.SMS RIC all
12.5
10.0
7.5
5.0
42.00
42.25
42.50
42.75
minutes
• Rock Hill
WWTP
• 42.699 min
with
Methanol
• Fort Mill
• 42.726 min
with
Methanol
Pre-Search Hits Found:
653
Saturn Fit Search Parameters
Threshold:
Target Ion Range:
Library MW Range:
Library Ion Range:
Local Normalization:
Requested Pre-Search:
Requested Final Search:
Search 3 Libraries:
700
35 - 650
0 - 2000
All of Library Entry
On
250
25
A. c:\saturnws1\satlib\tutorial.lbr
B. c:\saturnws1\satlib\nist98r.lbr
C. c:\saturnws1\satlib\nist98m.lbr
Library Match for a Phthalate
Hit 1 Fit: 948 RFit: 538 Purity: 538
Target
BP 149 (625=100%) 2000.40106.sms
149
42.699 min. Scan: 2910 Chan: 1 Ion: 22351 us RIC: 4700 EBC
100%
75% 55
50%
279
104
25%
193
0%
221
BP 149 (100000=100%) 15623 in nist98r.lbr
149
326
358
416
492
520
551
609 638
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
CAS No. 117-81-7, C24H38O4, MW 390
100%
75%
50%
25% 57
279
113
0%
Target Normalized
Diff
42.699 min. Scan: 2910 Chan: 1 Ion: 22351 us RIC: 4700 EBC
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
100%
50%
0%
-50%
-100%
100
200
300
400
Target Spectrum from c:\saturnws1\jaturner\2000.40106.sms
Scan No: 2910, Time: 42.699 minutes
No averaging. Background corrected (E).
Comment: 42.699 min. Scan: 2910 Chan: 1 Ion: 22351 us RIC: 4700 EBC
Pair Count: 192 MW: 0 Formula: None CAS No: None Acquired Range: 50 - 650
500
600
m/z
Risks Associated with
Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
• Has been shown to bioaccumulate in
tissue
• Affects the abilities of males to father
babies
Conclusions
• GC-MS was shown to be an effective means of
identifying organics in wastewater
• Within the organics identified, the siloxanes and
phthalates have serious health effects at very
low levels
• This research established a basic understanding
of the use of GC-MS in identifying organics in
wastewater and has accumulated information to
fuel further research in this area in the future at
Winthrop