Transcript The Nation Expands

The Nation
Expands
[pt.1]
Goal 2.01 “Expansion and Reform”
• The Learner will assess the competing forces of expansionism,
nationalism, and sectionalism.
The Louisiana Purchase
• Purchased from France
in 1803
• Gave US control of New
Orleans, Mississippi
River
• Doubled size of the
country
• Paid about $.03/acre
Lewis & Clark Expedition
• Jefferson had ordered
expedition even before US
bought Louisiana Territory
• “Corps of Discovery” launched
from Pittsburgh in August
1804
• 33 men, 32 of whom survived
• Gathered samples of minerals,
plants, and animals
• Reached Pacific Ocean in
December 1805
• Returned to St. Louis in
September 1806
Pike Expedition
The Oregon Trail
• Lewis & Clark’s and Pike’s expeditions opened the way
for American settlers to move to the Pacific coast
• Between 1840s and late 1860s, tens of thousands of
settlers traveled the Oregon Trail (and others)
• Went into disuse once railroads became extensive
• From Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico
• Same as Oregon Trail in that it was used by settlers in the south west.
• Went into disuse once railroads became extensive
The Missouri Compromise (1820)
• 1819: Missouri (which allowed
slavery) applied for statehood
• US was balanced with 11 slave
states, 11 free states
• US agreed to admit Missouri as
a slave state but also admitted
Maine as a free state to keep
balance
• Congress also drew a line
through Louisiana Territory –
north of the line, no slavery;
south of the line would allow
slavery
• Compromise driven by Henry
Clay of Kentucky (War Hawk)
Indian Removal Act (1830)
• Pres. Jackson wanted
all Indians removed
from the east and
forced into the Great
Plains
• Most Native groups
relented and moved
west, but the
Cherokee resisted
Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
• Cherokee sued
government
• Supreme Court agreed
that the Cherokee were a
separate nation which the
US had signed treaties
with and were therefore
not bound by state law
• Pres. Jackson refused to
enforce the court’s
decision
The Trail of Tears
• Forced removal of
the Cherokee, Creek,
Seminole, and
Choctaw nations
from the east to the
Indian Territory
(Oklahoma)
• 46,000 Indians
moved, thousands
died along the way,
especially among the
Cherokee
Mexican Independence (1821)
Guided Reading Worksheet
• Work in pairs.
• Read each section and answer the
question at the end.
• 15 minutes to work together
Imagine…
• Today you get home and a stranger has taken over your room.
You ask them who they are and why they are in your room.
They respond by saying that they are a part of a growing family
next door and their parents and God told them that they could
move to your house, take your room and use your resources to
live on. You try to argue with them and it doesn’t work so you
try to fight them but they have guns, know martial arts moves,
and call in other friends to help. You on the other hand only
have a knife to defend yourself and have no one else to call.
• Now… Write down what you are thinking, feeling, and
expecting will happen in this situation. THEN, compare your
experience to that of the Native Americans caught in the Indian
Removal Act by answering the question,
• What are the causes and effects of migration and
expansion?
The Nation
Expands
[pt.2]
AH1 H.3
• Understand the factors that led to exploration, settlement,
movement, and expansion and their impact on United
States development over time
• The Learner will assess the competing forces of
expansionism, nationalism, and sectionalism.
Stephen F. Austin
• 1793 – 1836
• “Father of Texas”
• Arrived in Texas in 1825
with large group of
American settlers
• Died of pneumonia while
serving as first Sec. of
State for the independent
Republic of Texas
Sam Houston
• 1793 – 1863
• Veteran of War of 1812
• Led Texan army in fighting
for independence from
Mexico
• 2 time President of Republic
of Texas, later US Senator
and Gov. of state of Texas
• City of Houston named after
him
War of Texan Independence
(1835-6)
• Settlers angered over
Mexico’s efforts to
discourage further
Americans from moving
to Texas and high tariffs
placed on goods
imported from US
Battle of the Alamo
• Feb. 1836
• Around 200 Texans held
off 6000 Mexican
soldiers for 13 days
before being wiped out
– Mexican Gen. Santa
Anna ordered no
prisoners be taken
• “Remember the
Alamo!” becomes
Texans battle cry
Mr. Balmer … on the Road Again.
Spanish Missions
Battle of Goliad
• March 1836
• Mexican forces
overwhelmed force of
342 Texans, who
surrendered
• Santa Anna ordered
them all executed
• Further galvanized
Texans
Battle of San Jacinto
• April 1836
• Sam Houston’s forces
defeated the Mexican
army by attacking
during siesta
• Santa Anna was
captured by Texans,
forced to sign treaty
granting Texas
independence
The Republic of Texas
• “The Lone Star Republic”
• 1836 – 1845
• Texans voted to ask to join
US, but northern states
blocked the move to avoid
adding more territory
where slavery was allowed
• The US recognized Texas as
a nation separate from
Mexico
Homework:
Read through “The Alamo Project” directions.
• Write a 2 paragraph response statement from
the viewpoint of an American and a different
one from the viewpoint of “the Others” (listed
on your instructions) on the battle of the
Alamo.
• You must address these two questions:
• How would you have reacted to the news of the
Alamo?
• What sort of emotions/feelings would you have
towards the news?
The Nation
Expands
[pt.3]
AH1 H.3
• Understand the factors that led to exploration, settlement,
movement, and expansion and their impact on United
States development over time
• The Learner will assess the competing forces of
expansionism, nationalism, and sectionalism.
Election of 1844
• Whig Party: Henry Clay
• Democratic Party: James K.
Polk
• Polk promised to annex
Texas, but balance it by
also annexing the Oregon
Territory in the north; he
also promised to try to buy
California from Mexico
• Polk won… and kept his
promises.
James K. Polk
• 1795 – 1849
• 11th President
• Born in NC, UNC grad
• Promised to serve only 1
term, and kept his promise
• Would successfully add
Oregon Territory, Texas,
California, and the
Southwest to US
• Died of cholera only 3
months after leaving office
“Manifest Destiny”
• Term coined by
magazine editor John
Louis O’Sullivan in 1845
• Idea that Americans
had been given North
America by God, who
wanted them to settle
it all and push out
Indians, Mexicans
Manifest Destiny
John Gast, American Progress, 1872
54-40
or
Fight!
Annexation of Oregon
• June 1846
• Britain and US
peacefully resolved
their dispute over
where the boundary
should lie between US
and Canada in the
Oregon Territory,
splitting the region
along the 49th parallel
Texas annexed
• 1845: Texas admitted to
the Union as a slave
state
• Mexico furious, broke
off diplomatic relations
with US
• Dispute arose over
where the southern
border was between
Texas and Mexico
Polk tries to buy California
• Polk sent an envoy, John
Slidell, to Mexico City
with an offer to
purchase California
• Mexicans refused to
even meet with Slidell
• All chances of a
peaceful exchange died,
US would go to war
with Mexico
The Mexican War (1846-48)
• “Mr. Polk’s War”
• Polk ordered US troops
under Zachary Taylor (aka
“Old Rough and Ready”)
to secure the Texas
border
• Mexico considered this
an act of war, attacked US
force
• May 13, 1846: US
declared war on Mexico
The Mexican War (1846-48)
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
• Feb. 1848
• Mexico surrendered after US
forces led by Winfield Scott (aka
“Old Fuss and Feathers”)
captured Mexico City
• Ended the Mexican War
• Mexico ceded 500,000 sq. miles
of territory (California, Utah,
Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico)
• Mexico accepted Rio Grande as
southern border of Texas
• In return, US paid Mexico $15
million and assumed $3.25
million in debts Mexico owed to
US citizens
Mexican cession
Wilmot Proviso
• Proposal by Rep. David
Wilmot that slavery not
be allowed in any
territories gained by the
US from Mexico
• Angered southerners,
reopened slavery
argument
• Failed to pass the Senate
Gold Rush of 1849
• Gold discovered in
California in 1848
• Surge of 80,000 new
settlers flooded California
(called ’49ers) over the
next year, hoping to get
rich quick
• Growth in population led
California to apply for
statehood
The Nation
Expands
[pt.4]
AH1 H.3
• Understand the factors that led to exploration, settlement,
movement, and expansion and their impact on United
States development over time
• The Learner will assess the competing forces of
expansionism, nationalism, and sectionalism.
Compromise of 1850
• If California joined as a free
state, the balance in
Congress would be upset
• Henry Clay of KY proposed a
series of compromises
between North and South
that would allow California
to become a state
• Plan was opposed by John C.
Calhoun of SC, but backed by
Daniel Webster of MA
Compromise of 1850
• Northerners got:
• Southerners got:
• California admitted as a
free state
• New Mexico won
territory from Texas,
limiting Texas’ size
• Slave trade in
Washington DC banned
• “popular sovereignty”: each future
state would get to decide for itself
on slavery
• Texas’ debts to southerners would
be paid by US Government
• Slave ownership in Washington DC
remained legal
• Congress not allowed to interfere
in domestic slave trade
• Strong Fugitive slave laws allowed
southerners to recover runaway
slaves in the north
Gadsden Purchase
• 1853: US purchases
30,000 sq. mile strip of
Mexico for $10 million
• Land was needed to
build a southern
transcontinental
railroad from New
Orleans to California
What next???