Transcript Slide 1
ANIMAL RELATIONSHIPS Slide 2 Groupings Slide 3 Cooperative Behaviour Slide 4 Altruism Slide 5 Breeding Slide 6 Mating Systems Slide 7 Parental Care Slide 8 Communication Slide 9 Intraspecific Competition Slide 10 Other grouping aspects Slide 11 Predator Avoidance Slide 12 Mimicry Slide 13 Predation Tools GROUPINGS Many animals live in groups. Examples? There must be some sort of survival advantage from doing this. Advantages: Disadvantages: Improving young rearing Protection from predation Effective migration Shared learning Breeding success Division of labour Environmental manipulation Shared Feeding Disease Competition Predators attracted COOPERATIVE BEHAVIOUR Cooperative behaviour is generally innate, but can be modified. It involves members of the same species living together for mutual benefit. There are various types… Clumping is simple; short term, and completely innate - e.g. Social behaviour involves a closed group working together. ALTRUISTIC BEHAVIOUR Altruistic behaviour is where a member of a group reduces their chance of reproduction in favour of another member of their group. Many Pukekos will not breed as they do not have dominance in the group. Even so they will help gather food, rear others young and protect the territory. Whoa...does this make sense evolutionarily? This is called kin selection. Lab Manual pg 205/6, 225 BREEDING Most animals synchronise their breeding with courtship rituals. This may involve a combination of… Bringing gifts, physical stimulation, synchronised movement, Some may do all of these things… visual cues and Voice. Why do this? • ensures that the individuals are the same species • suppresses aggressive behaviour • develops pair bond • ensures readiness for breeding MATING SYSTEMS External fertilization (usually response to environmental cues) e.g. fish Monogamy e.g. most birds (and people) Polygamy • Polygyny - 1 male has breeding rights with many females e.g. Lions, Baboons • Polyandry - 1 female has rights over males e.g. Bees. This is much less common... Why? • Polygynandry e.g. Pukekos, Bonobos PARENTAL CARE This is an energy cost for the parent, and limits the number of offspring but results in improved survival rates. The more time you spend looking after your offspring, the fewer you can have. Lab Manual pg 226-229 COMMUNICATION Important for maintaining any social system. Could be: • Aural (whale song), • visual (peacock), • chemical (cats), etc... INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION Agonistic behaviour within the species threats and submission to establish dominance (no physical harm - usually). Aggressive behaviour - harming or killing a competitor (not just predation). Hierarchy - a complex dominance order. A simple linear one is called a pecking order. OTHER GROUPING ASPECTS Sexual dimorphism - results from selection pressures such as males bigger/stronger to defend territory, or sexual selection. Other terms you need to know: Territory - defended area. Home range - roaming area used to gather resources, may overlap with other groups. Lab Manual pg 215/6, 219/20 look at 223-224 or Pukeko vid INTERSPECIFIC INTERACTIONS Also remember some of the stuff from 2A... You already know about: Predation Parasitism Herbivory Mutualism Commensalism Competition Stuff you maybe haven't seen yet... Predation avoidance: Prey species may try to deter predators using: • A startle display – to look as big as possible • Poison (and warning colours) MIMICRY This is another predator avoidance strategy. A caterpillar A moth Bee Batesian mimicry: one poisonous - the other is harmless Mullerian mimicry: both species share the same warning What does a monarch taste like? Hoverfly PREDATION TOOLS Predators use a variety of strategies to get prey. Concealment Traps Tools Lab Manual pg 211/2, 213/4, 217/8 Check out the Pukeko video. Stunning!