Immune System and

Carly, Tyler, CJ, Angelo, Sherrese

Key Terms to Know

Phagocytes: cells that destroy other cells by surrounding them and engulfing them.

Macrophages (or antigen presenting cells): a type of phagocyte that travels through the body and engulfs anything that is not recognized as part of the self.

Lysosome: inside the macrophage and breaks down the engulfed substance into its component parts.

Antigen: anything that your body recognizes as foreign.

Key Terms to Know

T Cells (or T lymphocytes): made from stem cells in the bone marrow, and then travel to the thymus.

Thymus: a small gland that sits above the heart. They learn to recognize invading microbes by the antigens that are exposed on their surface.

Helper T Cells: responsible for initiating the immune response. They contain a receptor called the T-cell receptor.

Cytotoxic T Cells: responsible for rupturing membranes of cells that have been infected.

Key Terms to Know

Inducer T Cells: oversee the development of T cells in the thymus.

Suppressor T Cells: responsible for stopping the immune response.

B Cells: these cells do not travel to the thymus after they have been made like T cells do. They travel in the blood stream "looking" for foreign antigens. When it locates an antigen, it splits into plasma cells which produce antibodies.

Antibody: soluble proteins that bind to the foreign invader wherever it occurs and mark it for destruction.

Normal Immune Response

1. Invading microbe enters the body and then engulfed by a macrophage.

2. Microbe is broken down into constituent parts or peptides which are then presented on the surface of cell.

3. Helper T Cell recognizes the foreign structure and binds to it.

4. Helper T Cell is activated and immune response is initiated.

5. B Cells also recognize and bind to these antigens on the macrophage.

6. T Cells release lymphokines, causing B Cells to multiply into plasma cells and make antibodies and mark the peptide for destruction.

Process of T Cells and B Cells Interact with Antigens

Autoimmune Response

-This response occurs before the helper T cells recognize a cell of the body as foreign and mark it for destruction. -T Cells should have receptors for peptides that are killed by the thymus. If this doesn't happen then the T Cells can exit the blood stream. Then it can recognize a peptide and initiate the immune response.

-The steps for this response is similar to the normal response. -This response is initiated in the thymus which would occur because of the location of the myoid cells.

-These cells are surrounded by macrophages and helper T cells. If there happens to be some alteration in the myoid cells then the autoimmune response would occur.

Extravasation

Microphage (left) Antigen Presenting Cells(right)

Etiology

Genetic:

Polymorphisms of several genes

Environmental:

Activates cell immune responses

Symptons:

Allergic rhinitis

Treatment:

Other Systems of the Body in Relation to the Immune System

The Nervous System: Helps a person respond to emergencies by mobilizing the body's energy.

Reduces lymphocytes Hormones and neuropeptides (convey messages to different cells in the nervous system that also communicates with the immune system) Brain directly influences the immune system by sending messages down nerve cells Nerve fibers are connected to the thymus gland, lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow Immune system may function in a sensory capacity like the nervous system

Other Systems of the Body In Relation to the Immune System

The Lymphatic System Includes bone marrow, spleen, and thymus gland System functions to: absorb excess fluids and return them to the blood stream. Fight infections Lymph nodes are filled with white blood cells called lymphocytes Along specialized vessels are special areas where lymphocytes can be 'recruited, mobilized, and deployed' to appropriate sites as part of the immune response System works when you are sick: lymph nodes swell because lymphatic vessels drain the infection by carrying it to the nearest area where an immune response can be organized

New Research and Development

House Remedies: honey, rose water, and various food extracts.

The American Accademy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology (AAAAI) conducted studies that showed when certain foods are heated, they become tolerable to those previously allergic. Duke University along with the Arkansas Children's Hospital concluded that exposure to increasing amounts of peanut flour helps to gradually build up a tolerance to a peanut allergy.

New Research and Development

Scientists and researchers from Ireland and Japan recently discovered that a certain gene found in mice could open new techniques to help cure allergies The filaggrin gene which helps skin produce a protective barrier helps to stop allergens from entering the body, which can provide leads for eczema and asthma Many think that mice represent a key to unlock new and improved therapies because drugs and treatments can now be focused on this gene.

Anaphylaxis

• Anaphylaxis- an extreme allergic reaction • Body becomes hypersensitive to a substance • After the substance is introduced, the body becomes hypersensitive and develops a severe allergic reaction, and can quickly result in death • Symptoms appear rapidly plus become life threatening • Serious symptoms include severe drop in blood pressure, severe asthma, closing of the throat • Also hives, swelling around mouth and airways, alterations in heart rate, sudden drop in pressure

Anaphylaxis

• Individuals that develop anaphylaxis are at a higher risks for a life threatening situation • In cases of anaphylaxis, the body will produce high amounts of mucus in the nasal line to attack pathogen thus restricting the airways • Immediately after a person experiences anaphylactic shock, adrenaline followed by medication will counteract the process • Anaphylaxis can be caused by food allergies including nuts or shellfish along with bee or wasp

• Anaphylaxis discovery

Anaphylaxis

Charles Richet established first o o o o o o o o complete study of extreme immune reaction He extracted the highly toxic venom from the Portuguese man-of-war and injected the substance into dogs The specimens that survived recovered and were re-injected with the venom Richet believed that the dogs would develop an immunity to the substance Surprisingly, when the dogs were given a smaller dosage of the venom, it quickly killed them The dogs became hypertensive to the venom Richet coined the process as

anaphylaxis

because it was the opposite of prophylaxis Later in his career, Richet received the Nobel Peace Prize for medicine for the discovery of anaphylaxis

Asthma

Definition of Asthma

A common habitual disorder of the airways that is complex & characterized by changeable and persistent symptoms, airflow blockage, bronchial hyper responsiveness, and an underlying inflammation

Immunochemistry

• Arachidonic Acid Cascade-- CHEMICAL PROCESS CREATES BAD CHEMCIALS CAUSES CHANGE IN BODY- CAUSES SYMPTOMS

Immunochemistry

• Leukotrienes-BAD CHEMICAL CAUSED ARACHIDONIC ACID CASCADE Def: one out of a group of hormones responsible for hay fever and asthma symptoms

Results of creating Leukotrienes

• Causes hyper responsiveness in airways

over sensitive, hyperactive

to inhalation of Dust, exercise, cigarette smoke, etc.

• Airways are inflamed, and are coated with a thick layer of mucus. • Hyper responsiveness cause muscles to tighten up (contract) • Contracted muscles + inflamed airways leads to difficulty breathing.

Basic facts of Asthma

• Lung condition that makes breathing difficult • Common disease among kids and teenagers. However, people can acquire asthma as a baby.

Symptoms of Asthma

• Coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath

Asthma Treatments

• Inhaler- used to inhale medicinal vapors/anesthetics (two kinds of inhalers MDIS spray form DPIS-powder form • Nebulizer- electrically powered machine, turns liquid medication into mist

What do Inhalers/Nebulizers do?

• The Medicine in them helps the airways to dilate, to make it easier to breathe.

Two kinds of inhalers

• Rescue inhalers: fast acting, used during an asthma attack, treats immediate symptoms, DOES NOT treat inflammation that leads to symptoms ex. Albuterol • Maintenance symptoms: long term use, helps user avoid symptoms and attacks, prevents and cuts down swelling in airways and lungs ex. advair

New/Experimental Treatments

• Heat is utilized through a catheter (hollow tube) into bronchial tubes. Heat is deployed to windpipe lining. • Symptoms are enhanced at first, but treated patients’ attacks decreased by one third. • However, it is risky. complex process, a lot of untrained physicians.

• Only for those with more severe symptoms