Transcript Chapter 19
Chapter 19
The Reproductive System
Introduction
Male reproductive system
Anatomy:
testes, scrotum, spermatozoa, semen,
penis
Physiology: ducts of the system; testosterone
Female reproductive system
Anatomy:
ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina,
external genitalia, mammary glands
Physiology: menstrual cycle, estrogen
Pregnancy, embryonic development
Male Reproductive System
Primary sex organs:
testes (male gonads,
aka testicles)
Produce sperm as
exocrine glands;
hormones as
endocrine glands
Accessory structures
Testes
Paired oval glands approx 2” in length, 1”
in diameter
Each testis is divided into lobules,
containing tightly coiled seminiferous
tubules, which produce sperm by
spermatogenesis
Contained within scrotum
Scrotum
Outpouching of the abdominal wall
Loose skin and superficial fascia
Supporting structure of the testes
Internally separated by a septum into two lateral
portions
Cremaster muscle located in spermatic cord
contracts scrotal sac, and elevates testes
Maintains temperature about 3° below body
temp, for ideal sperm and hormone production
Spermatozoa
Mature sperm cells are
produced at a rate of 300
million/day
Life expectancy once
ejaculated is ~ 48 hrs
3 parts
Head,
contains genetic
material, acrosome
Midpiece, contains
mitochondria
Tail, flagellum, locomotion
Testosterone
Controls development, growth, and maintenance
of male sex organs
Causes descent of testes from abdomen
During puberty, stimulates bone growth
Stimulates protein build up in muscles
Stimulates maturation of sperm cells
Causes enlargement of thyroid cartilage
(Adam’s apple), deepening of voice
Aggression, hair patterns and recession
Ducts of the System
Sperm cells are moves from the convoluted
seminiferous tubules into straight tubules, then
eventually empty into the ductus epididymis
Epididymis: comma-shaped structure on
posterior of testis, where sperm cells mature
Sperm continues to move from epididymis into
vas (ductus) deferens, then upward through
spermatic cord into the abdomen
Pathway of sperm
Sperms travels through the vas deferens,
where it joins with ducts from the prostate,
and the urethra, becoming the ejaculatory
duct
Secretions from the bulbourethral glands
join the fluid as it becomes seminal fluid
(semen), which is expelled through the
urethra during ejaculation.
Semen
A mixture of sperm cells, and secretion
from the prostate, bulbourethral glands,
and seminal vesicles.
Milky in color, and sticky – fructose that
provides energy for sperm
Alkaline, pH of 7.2 – 7.6
Average volume 2.5 – 6 mL / ejaculation
Penis
Shaft
Glans penis – distal head
Prepuse – foreskin, removed during
circumcision
Internally, spongy sinuses engorge with
blood during erection
Female Reproductive System
Primary sex organs – ovaries (female
gonads), paired
Produce ova (ovum), eggs as exocrine
glands
Produce estrogen and progesterone as
endocrine glands
Accessory structures: fallopian tubes, uterus,
vagina, external genitalia
Ovaries
Located in upper
pelvic cavity
Size of unshelled
almonds
Held in position by
suspensory
ligaments
Ovum
Each ovary contains ovarian follicles in
various stages of development
Oocyte is an immature follicle
Mature egg is called a graafian follicle
After egg ruptures from follicle, it changes
into the corpus luteum (“yellow body”) which
produces estrogen and progesterone
Fallopian Tubes
Paired tubes, transporting ova from each
ovary to the uterus
Infundibulum is a funnel-shaped open
end; lies close to, but not attached to,
ovary
Fimbriae surround infundibulum and
ovary
Uterus
In pelvic cavity
Between rectum and
bladder
Where fertilized egg
implants
Narrow opening is
cervix
Fundus at top
Endometrium
Cervix
Opens into vagina
Isthmus small constricted region
Interior is cervical canal
Internal os opens into uterine cavity
External os opens into vagina
Vagina
Passageway for menstrual flow
Organ of copulation (coitus)
Birth canal
Perineum – diamond shaped area between
buttocks and thighs (M&F). Anterior urogenital
triangle, and posterior urogenital triangle
External genitalia
Vulva
(pudendum)
Mons pubis
Labia majora
Labia minora
Clitoris
Vestibule
Hymen
Skene’s
glands
Bartholnin’s
glands
Mammary Glands
Present in both males and females
Modified sweat glands
In females, alveoli cells produce milk,
called lactation
Estrogen causes glands to increase in size
during puberty
15 – 20 lobes separated by adipose tissue
Pregnancy
Ovum ruptures from ovary; must be
fertilized within 24 hours
Ejaculated sperm viable up to 48 hours in
female reproductive tract
Intercourse must occur 72 hrs before, to
24 hrs after, ovulation
Zygote is fertilized egg
Embryonic development
Zygote travels down uterine tube, becoming a
blastocyst (blastula)
It implants into uterine wall, consists of 100 cells,
called chorionic vesicle
Human
Chorionic Gonadotropin
Uterine tissues form placenta
Embryo becomes surrounded by amniotic sac
(amnion)
Embryonic development II
Embryo is attached by umbilical cord
By 9th week, embryo looks human
Uterus changes to accommodate fetus
Childbirth is called parturition
Fetus is expelled through process of labor
Gestation (pregnancy)
Trimesters
Due date
Estimated
date of confinement
Quickening – first movement
Viable – when fetus is capable of living
outside the mother
The Mother
Nulligravida – never pregnant
Nullipara – never born a viable child
Primigravida – during first pregnancy
Primipara – born one viable child
Multiparous – given birth two or more
times
Childbirth
Parturition – labor and delivery
Antepartum
Dilation
Effacement – thinning and shortening of cervix
Amniotic sac
Bag
of waters
Presentation
Crowning
Placenta
Postpartum
Pathology of Pregnancy and
Childbirth
Ectopic Pregnancy – fertilized egg is implanted
and develops outside of uterus
Spontaneous abortion
Miscarriage
Induced abortion
Preeclampsia – pregnancy induced
hypertenstion
Eclampsia - more serious, convulsions or coma
Pathology of Childbirth
Abruptio placentae – placenta separates
from uterine wall prematurely
Placenta previa – placenta implants lower
portion of the uterus
Premature infant
Stillbirth
Diagnostic Procedures
Amniocentesis
Fetal ultrasound
Electronic fetal monitor – monitors fetal heart
rate and uterine contractions
Pelvimetry – radiographic study of pelvis
dimensions
Pregnancy test – tests human chorionic
gonadotropin hormone levels
Treatment & Procedures
Apgar score – evaluation of a newborns
physical status
Episiotomy-surgical incision through the perineum
Prevent
Lacerations