Transcript Slide 1
Chapter 1
Why study chemistry?
◦ Chemistry – the study of matter and the changes it
undergoes.
◦ Why is this important to me?
Two real-life events involving two discoveries can help
answer this question.
The refrigerator
Energy from the sun
The Ozone Layer
◦ Sunburns result from the ultraviolet (UV) radiation
from the sun.
◦ Overexposure to UV radiation is harmful to plants
and animals.
UVB can cause cataracts and skin cancer in humans
UVB can cause lower crop yields in agriculture
UVB can cause disruption in food chains in nature
Earth’s Atmosphere
◦ Living organisms on Earth exist due to protection
from high levels of UVB
◦ What offers this protection?
Ozone
Ozone is made up of oxygen, O3
Ozone is a substance in the atmosphere that absorbs
most harmful radiation before it reaches the Earth’s
surface
Earth’s Atmosphere
◦ Substance- also known as a chemical, is matter that
has definite and uniform composition
◦ About 90% of Earth’s ozone is spread out in a layer
that surrounds and protects our planet.
◦ Ozone layer is located in the stratosphere
Ozone Formation
◦ How does ozone enter the stratosphere?
When oxygen gas (O2) is exposed to UV radiation in
the upper regions of the stratosphere, ozone (O3) is
formed
Energy from UV radiation breaks O2into individual
oxygen particles (O), which then interact with O2 to
form O3
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
◦ Is a substance that consists of chlorine, fluorine,
and carbon
◦ Several different substances are classified as CFCs
◦ CFCs are nontoxic and stable—do not readily react
with other substances
◦ By 1935, they seemed ideal for coolants in
refrigerators and propellants in spray cans
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
◦ 1970s
Scientists began detecting CFCs in the atmosphere
After measuring the amount of CFCs in the
stratosphere, it was evident the amount increased
yearly
Consequently the ozone layer was thinning
Chemistry and Matter
Matter and its characteristics
◦ Matter, the stuff of the universe, has many different
forms.
◦ Some occurs naturally, such as ozone
◦ Some do not occur naturally, such as CFCs
◦ Mass – is a measurement that reflects the amount
of matter
Mass and weight
◦ Weight – the measurement not only of the amount
of matter but also of the effect of the Earth’s
gravitational pull on that matter
Structure and observable characteristics
◦ What can you observe about the outside of our
school building?
◦ What can’t you see from the outside?
◦ What about when you bend your arm?
◦ Macroscopic – visible to the naked eye; no need for
a microscope
◦ Submicroscopic – too small to be seen through a
microscope
Atoms are so small they are submicroscopic
Structure and observable characteristics
◦ Chemistry seeks to explain submicroscopic events
that lead to macroscopic observations.
◦ Scientists use models
Model – is a visual, verbal, or mathematical
explanation of experimental data
Chemistry: The central science
◦ A basic understanding of chemistry is central to all
sciences—biology, physics, Earth science, ecology
and more
◦ Chemistry is broken down into different branches
that focus on specific areas
Chemistry: The central science
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Organic chemistry
Inorganic chemistry
Physical chemistry
Analytical chemistry
Biochemistry
Environmental chemistry
Industrial chemistry
Polymer chemistry
Theoretical chemistry
Thermochemistry
Scientific Methods
One day, you come home from the movies
and find it’s dark inside your house. You flip
the light switch and nothing happens. What
do you do? What could have happened to the
light?
A systematic approach
◦ Scientific method – is a systematic approach used in
scientific study, whether it is chemistry, biology,
physics, or another science.
Observation
◦ Observation is the simple act of gathering
information.
◦ The first type of observation is qualitative data
Qualitative data – information that describes color,
odor, shape, or some other physical characteristic.
Anything that relates to the five senses is qualitative
◦ Another type of data is quantitative data
Quantitative data – this is numerical information
Hypothesis
◦ Hypothesis – is a tentative explanation for what has
been observed
◦ There is no formal evidence to support a hypothesis
when it is made
◦ A hypothesis is meaningless without data to
support it.
Experiments
◦ Forming a hypothesis helps the scientist focus on
the next step—experiment.
◦ Experiment – is a set of controlled observations that
test the hypothesis.
◦ Independent variable – the variable that you plan to
change
◦ Dependent variable – its value changes in response
to a change in the independent variable
Other factors
◦ Constant factors are not allowed to change
throughout the experiment
◦ Control – a standard for comparison
Controlling variables
◦ Sometimes it is easier to simulate conditions in a
laboratory, where variables can be controlled.
◦ Interactions between CFCs and ozone, are harder to
study in the stratosphere with so many variables
Conclusion
◦ Conclusion – is a judgment based on the
information obtained
◦ A hypothesis can never be proven
◦ Data can support the hypothesis, which can indicate
that the hypothesis may be true
◦ If further evidence does not support the hypothesis
it must be discarded or modified
◦ Majority of hypotheses are not supported, but can
yield helpful information
Theory and Scientific Law
◦ Theory – is an explanation of natural phenomenon
based on many observations and investigations
over time
Einstein’s theory of relativity
Atomic theory
◦ Scientific Law – a relationship in nature that is
supported by may experiments
Newton’s laws
Scientific Research
Types of Scientific Investigations
◦ Pure research – to gain knowledge for the sake of
knowledge itself
◦ Applied research – is research undertaken to solve a
specific problem
Chance discoveries
◦ Alexander Flemming
Penicillin
◦ Julian Hill
Nylon
Students in the Laboratory
◦ Write down ten rules that you believe would be
found within a laboratory environment.
The Story Continues
◦ The Montreal Protocol
In 1987, Montreal Protocol was signed
Worked to phase out the global use of CFCs
◦ The ozone hole today
Models show it will begin to recover
The benefits of chemistry
◦ Involved in
Finding cures or vaccines for diseases such as AIDS
and influenza
Cars
Lasers
Plastics
Technology
And much more