Transcript World History AP

World History AP
Chapter 22
Eastern Eurasia
1500-1800
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
 Land
based empires cost
more to defend; fewer
choices for expansion;
emphasis on agriculture &
political centralization.
 Disadvantage in competition
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
 Society
of Jesus (Jesuits)
 Francis Xavier, Matteo Ricci
brought Catholicism and
European ideas to Japan &
China, and ideas & info.
from Eurasia to Europe.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
 The
Portuguese, the
Spanish, the Dutch East
India Company (VOC) & the
East India Company of
England opened new trade
avenues with the east.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
state – Muscovy.
Absorbed former Kievan
state, Novgorod, khanates of
Kazan & Astrakhan &
northern Caucasus region in
east. Led by Ivan IV (Tsar)
 New
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
 Russian
aristocracy (boyars)
overthrew Muscovite rulers
and established the
Romanov line in 1613.
Continued Eastern
expansion.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
the Great – wanted
port, built St. Petersburg.
Wanted to westernize
Russia. Undermined the
boyars & controlled Russian
Orthodox Church.
 Peter
Peter the Great
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
 Expansion
in America driven
by search for fur. Russians
dominated fur & shipping in
North Pacific.
 Catherine the Great (r.17621796) built empire on
agriculture, furs, fishing,
logging
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
 Late
Ming problems (global):
drop in temperature
numerous events. May also
caused Mongol & Manchu to
take Ming lands.
 New World silver & inflation.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
 More
problems: disorder &
inefficiency in industrial
sector, no growth in
agricultural productivity &
low population growth.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
 Increased
threats on Ming
borders by new Mongol
confederation. Lost $$ when
they helped Korea defeat
Japanese invasion. Riots in
Southwest, pirates in SE.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
 Rebel
forces led by Li
Zicheng overthrew the Ming
in 1644, and the Manchu
Qing Empire entered Beijing,
restored order & claimed
China as its own.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
 Manchu
imperial family
ruled Qing empire. Majority
of the population was
Chinese.
 Qing fostered foreign trade
& overland communication.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
 Qing
conquered Central
Asia gaining access to
Afghanistan horses, coal,
iron, gold & silver.
 Eliminated danger of
Mongols.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
 Kangxi
(r.1662-1722)
Expanded territory &
stabilized empire. Qing
willing to learn from
Mongolians, Tibetans,
…Jesuits.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
 Qing
wanted to expand
trade, but needed to control
it to tax efficiently & control
piracy & smuggling.
 Single market point for each
foreign sector.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
 British
saw Qing as limiting
their ability to make profits.
 Sent Lord Macartney to open
diplomatic relations and
revise the trade system.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
 Russians
transitioned to sea
exploration & colonization
which destroys the status
quo between Russia &
China.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
 Peace
and increased
agricultural productivity led
to Chinese population
explosion and
environmental stress.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
 Population
grew but not the
number of officials. Qing
depended on local officials
who maintained order but
couldn’t do much else.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
 Qing
investment in new
industries was limited.
Focus moved to taxing
foreign trade to increase
revenues.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
 New
Shogun: Tokugawa
Ieyasu.
 Rewarded loyalty w/land.
 Emperor had no political
power.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
 Developed
well-spaced
urban centers in all regions.
 Result: good transportation
infrastructure and
commerce.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
 Successful
new merchant
class allied with lords and
the shogun.
 Wealthy families held key to
modernization, industry.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
Rural rebellions blamed on
Christianity.
 Results: persecution, ban on
Christianity, & in 1649,
closing of Japan’s borders.

Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
 Closed
country policy
intended to prevent foreign
influences, not knowledge.
 “Dutch Studies”
 Outer lords…Inner lords.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
 Pop.
growth in central Japan
strained agricultural sector.
 Economic growth
outstripped pop. growth in
the outer provinces.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
 Shogunate
needs to control
price of rice & interest rates,
but can’t.
 Samurai and regional lords
are dependent on merchants
to extend credit.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
 Merchants
at low social
status; Shogunate found it
hard to regulate their
activities. Merchants enjoy
new freedom & become
influential.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
 “Forty-seven
Ronin”
incident demonstrates
problem of making the
military obey civil law to
build standardized law
system.
Conclusion
2
land-based empires
competed for the same
resources. Kept their pop. In
agricultural sector without
the right of ownership.
Conclusion
 Qing
had limited exposure
to European contact & ideas
 Russia had unlimited
exposure, accepted military
technology, rejected any
liberal policies.
Conclusion
– decentralized.
Tokugawa allowed variety of
policies, gave lords
incentive to develop lands,
stimulated merchants &
local enterprises.
 Japan