Facility Management: Maintenance Best Practices

Introduction to NFPA 70E and its Impact on Your Facility

(5-Star Returning Session)

Steven Shapiro P.E. ATD, Mission Critical Practice Lead Session Number: DFS 12

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Introduction to NFPA 70E

®

and its Impact on Your Facility

This session will address NFPA 70E and its requirements for Arc Flash labeling and calculations. It will also explain how mission critical facility operations and reliability are affected.

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• • • • •

NFPA 70E

®

Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace

Introduction History Arc Flash Mission Critical Environment Summary 3

Introduction

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NFPA 70E

®

- Introduction

Why NFPA 70E ® A consensus standard that addresses employee safety issues associated with installation of electrical systems; to support the NFPA 70 ® National Electric Code (NEC) and OSHA’s electrical safety standards.

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NFPA 70E

®

- History 1979

• • First published in 1979 70E ® originally consisted only of Part I Installation Safety Requirements.

Development of the “complete” standard has been a process (and remains so).

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NFPA 70E

®

- History 1995

• The standard was expanded in subsequent editions to include : Limits of Approach and establishment of an “arc” in 1995 7

NFPA 70E

®

- History 2000

• • • • The standard was expanded in subsequent editions to include: 6th Edition in 2000 a new Part IV was finally added. Part I Installation Safety Requirements Part II Safety-Related Work Practices Part III Safety-Related Maintenance Requirements Part IV Safety Requirements for Special Equipment 8

NFPA 70E

®

- History 2004

• • • 7th Edition in 2004 Standard name was changed to the current name Parts were renamed as Chapters Major changes emphasized safe work practices − Reorganized with Safety Related Work Practices up front.

− New emphasis on live work as last alternative.

− Added an energized electrical work permit and associated requirements.

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NFPA 70E

®

- History 2004

• • • 7th Edition in 2004 Usability of the standard was improved Part 4 was updated to correlate with NFPA 70 NEC 2002 70E® was reformatted to comply with NFPA 70 Style Manual 10

NFPA 70E

®

- History 2009

• • Yielded significant changes throughout Chapter 4 was removed due to duplicate parts of NEC 70E now consisted of: ─ ─ ─ ─ Chapter 1: Safety-Related Work Practices Chapter 2: Safety-Related Maintenance Requirements Chapter 3: Safety-Requirements for Special Equipment Annexes: A – O 11

NFPA 70E

®

- History 2009

• • • Other significant changes included: Protective clothing and equipment changes Revisions to Annexes D, F, and J Addition of Annexes M, N, and O 12

NFPA 70E

®

- Today

• • NFPA 70E ® 2012 Currently consists of three chapters: ─ ─ Chapter 1 Safety-Related Work Practices Chapter 2 Safety-Related Maintenance Requirements ─ ─ Chapter 3 Safety Requirements for Special Equipment Annexes A – P Significant changes have been made in Chapter 1 13

NFPA 70E

®

- Today

• NFPA 70E ® 2012 Other revisions expand or clarify NFPA 70E ® 2009 ─ add new technical material ─ remove requirements related to safe installation ─ expand coverage of the concepts of hazard identification and risk assessment 14

NFPA 70E

®

- Today

• • • • • • • NFPA Annexes Annex A: Referenced Publications Annex B: Informational References Annex C: Limits of Approach

Annex D: Incident Energy and Arc Flash Boundary Calculation Methods Annex E: Electrical Safety Program Annex F: Hazard Analysis, Risk Estimation and Risk Evaluation Procedure

Annex G: Sample Lockout/Tagout Procedure 15

NFPA 70E

®

- Today

• • • • • NFPA Annexes (continued) Annex H: Guidance on Selection of Protective Clothing and Other Personal Protective Equipment

Annex I: Job Briefing and Planning Checklist Annex J: Energized Electrical Work Permit

Annex K: General Categories of Electrical Hazards Annex L: Typical Application of Safeguards in the Cell Line Work Zone 16

NFPA 70E

®

- Today

• • • • NFPA Annexes (continued) Annex M: Layering of Protective Clothing and Total System Arc Rating Annex N: Example Industrial Procedures and Policies for Working Near Overhead Electrical Lines and Equipment Annex O: Safety Related Design Requirements Annex P: Aligning Implementation of This Standard with Occupational Health & Safety Management Standards 17

NFPA 70E

®

- Electrical Safety Program

• • • • Summary of Article 110.3

Documented (written) program based on electrical hazards

The electrical safety principles on which the program is based Controls to measure and monitor the program

Electrical safety procedures for working within the limited approach boundary (shock protection) and for working within the arc flash boundary

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NFPA 70E

®

- Electrical Safety Program

• • • • Summary of Article 110.3

Hazard identification and a risk assessment procedure to be used prior to working within limited approach boundary or within the arc flash boundary.

Identify process to be used by employees before work is started to identify hazards and assess risks including mitigation strategies.

A job briefing prior to starting each shift or each job that poses significantly different hazards or if changes occur that might affect employee safety.

A more detailed briefing for complicated or particularly hazardous jobs.

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NFPA 70E

®

- Electrical Safety Program

• • • • • • NFPA 70E ® and NEC state that facilities must provide : Safety program with defined responsibilities Analysis for arc flash hazard degree Training for workers Personal protective equipment and clothing for workers Tools for safe work Warning labels on equipment 20

Arc Flash Hazard Analysis

Arc Flash, What is it? An arc flash results from an arcing fault, where the electric arcs and resulting radiation and shrapnel can cause severe skin burns, hearing damage and eye injuries.

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Arc Flash Hazard Analysis

• • Why Now? Workers are injured and killed while working on energized equipment.

Working on energized equipment is a necessity in Mission Critical Facilities .

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Arc Flash Hazard Analysis - Risk

• • • • • Injuries Burns Respiratory system damage Hearing loss Skin Penetration injuries Eye and facial injuries 23

Arc Flash Hazard Analysis - Risk

• • What Happens in an Arc Flash?

The pressure of an arc blast is caused by the expansion of the metal as it vaporizes and the heating of the air by the arc energy. This accounts for the expulsion of molten metal up to 10 feet away. In addition, the sudden expansion of an arc blast creates loud sounds that

can cause hearing damage.

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Arc Flash Hazard Analysis - Risk

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35,000 ° F Copper Vapor: Solid to Vapor Expands by 67,000 times Molten Metal Pressure Waves Sound Waves Shrapnel Ionized Air-Rapid Expansion Intense Radiation

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Arc Flash Hazard Analysis

Only qualified persons shall be permitted to work on energized equipment.

Qualified Person. One who has skills and knowledge related to the construction and operation of the electrical equipment and installations and has received safety training to recognize and avoid the hazards involved. (NFPA 70E ® 100) .

Energized Electrical Conductors and Circuit Parts — Unsafe Work

Condition. Only qualified persons shall be permitted to work on electrical conductors or circuit parts that have not been put into an electrically safe work condition. (NFPA 70AE ® 130.4) 28

Arc Flash Hazard Analysis

A Flash Hazard Analysis shall be done to protect personnel from the possibility of being injured by an arc flash.

• • • An arc flash hazard analysis shall determine: arc flash boundary incident energy at the working distance personal protective equipment that people within the arc flash boundary shall use.

(NFPA 70E ® 130.5) 29

Arc Flash Hazard Analysis

To calculate incident energy, technical data is collected such as equipment type, voltage, ratings, impedance and other information to prepare an up to date electrical one line diagram. To provide accurate results, state-of- the-art software should be utilized to perform the arc flash analysis to evaluate alternatives quickly and easily to establish an optimal system design.

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The arc flash hazard analysis shall be updated:

When a major modification or renovation takes place.

Periodically, not to exceed 5 years. 30

Arc Flash Hazard Analysis:

Boundary Terms Limited Approach

- entered only by qualified persons or unqualified persons that have been advised and are escorted by a qualified person.

Restricted Approach

persons required to use shock protection techniques and PPE.

entered only by qualified

Prohibited Approach

with live part.

- entered only by qualified persons requiring same protection as if direct contact 31

Arc Flash Hazard Analysis

Boundary Terms

Flash Protection Boundary • Linear distance to prevent any more than second degree burns from a potential arc flash (Typically 4 feet) 32

Arc Flash Hazard Analysis

The arc flash hazard analysis shall take into consideration the design of the overcurrent protective device and its opening time,

including its condition of maintenance.

(NFPA 70E 130.5) 33

Arc Flash Hazard Analysis

There are two ways to complete an Arc Flash Hazard Analysis: 1. Calculation − Annex D NFPA 70E ® − IEEE 1584 2. NFPA 70E ® Tables − 130.7(C)(15)(a),(b),(c) − Per exception in 130.5

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Arc Flash Protection Calculations

• • Collect the System Equipment Information Determine Power System Modes of Operations − Normal Operation − Emergency Operation − Tie Switch Arrangements − Dual feeds − Open Transition, Closed Transition − Generators 35

Arc Flash Protection Calculations

• • Perform SC Analysis to determine the Bolted Fault Currents Determine Arc Fault Currents − Arcing Fault Current is a fault current flowing through an electrical plasma arc 36

Arc Flash Protection Calculations

• • • • Determine Arcing Duration Complete a Coordination Study From this study determine the arcing duration Total clearing time of the fault will determine the time factor in the incident energy equation The fault clearing time is determined from the Coordination Study’s Time Current Curves 37

Arc Flash Protection Calculations

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Arc Flash Protection Calculations

• • • Determine Arcing Duration Determine Working Distances Determine Incident Energy Determine the Flash Protection Boundary − The incident energy for the flash-protection boundary must be set at the minimum energy beyond which a second degree burn could occur 1.2 cal/cm2 39

Arc Flash Hazard Labeling

• • • • • •

Electrical equipment such as switchboards, panelboards,… and are likely to require examination, adjustment, servicing, or maintenance while energized, shall be field marked with a label containing all the following information:

Available incident energy and the corresponding working distance Minimum arc rating of clothing Required level of PPE Highest Hazard/Risk Category (HRC) for the equipment Nominal system voltage Arc flash boundary 40

WARNING

Arc Flash and Shock Hazard Appropriate PPE Required 1 ft Flash Hazard Boundary 0.60 cal/cm^2 Flash Hazard at 1 ft 6 in Level 0 Nonmelting, Flammable Materials with Weight >= 4.5 oz/sq yd 208 VAC Shock Hazard when cover is removed 00 Glove Class 3 ft 6 in Limited Approach Avoid Contact Restricted Approach Avoid Contact Prohibited Approach Bus: AHU-1-1 Prot: FBR AHU-1-1

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Personal Protection Categories

• • • • Arc Flash PPE Category 0: Cotton Shirts (long-sleeve) Pants (long) V-Rated Gloves Safety Glasses • • • • • Arc Flash PPE Category 1: FR Long-sleeve Shirt Pants (long) V-Rated Gloves Safety Glasses Hard Hat 42

Personal Protection Categories

Arc Flash PPE • • • • • • Category 2: Cotton Underwear FR Long-sleeved Shirt and Pants V-Rated Gloves Safety glasses Hard Hat Double layer switching hood 43

Personal Protection Categories

• • • • • • • • • Arc Flash PPE Category 3: Cotton Underwear FR Long-sleeved shirt and pants FR Coveralls V-Rated Gloves Safety Glasses FR hard hat liner Hard Hat Double layer switching hood Hearing protection Fabric Rating: 25Cal/cm2 44

Personal Protection Categories

• • • • • • • • • Arc Flash PPE Category 4: Cotton Underwear FR Long-sleeved Shirt and Pants Double Layer Flash Suit V-Rated Gloves Safety glasses FR hard hat liner Hard Hat Double layer switching hood Hearing protection Fabric Rating: 40Cal/cm2 45

Fire Resistant (FR) vs. Non-FR (Nylon)

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Personal Protection Equipment

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Arc Flash Reliability

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Mission Critical Environment

Preventive Maintenance Is a Must!

• • Maintaining all of your mission critical electrical equipment is critical to: Ensure worker safety Prevent unplanned downtime 50

Mission Critical Environment

Preventive Maintenance Is a Must!

NFPA 70E ® requires certain equipment and overcurrent protection devices be maintained. Such equipment would include: • • • • • • Substations and switchgear assemblies Panelboards Motor control centers Disconnect switches Insulated conductors, Grounds and bus duct PPE Equipment including electrical gloves, hot sticks and flash suit • • • • • • Transfer switches and control equipment Fuses and circuit breakers Motors and generators Equipment in hazardous locations Batteries and battery rooms Portable electric tools and equipment 51

Mission Critical Environment

Single-Line Diagrams

NFPA 70E ® requirements mandate accurate, up-to-date and legible single-line diagrams. These documents are essential for documenting, troubleshooting, and communicating information about your power systems. A comprehensive site survey is essential to develop or update existing single-line diagrams or complete electrical system drawings.

You cannot have an accurate short circuit, coordination, or arc flash study without an updated one line.

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Mission Critical Environment

Short Circuit, Coordination, Arc Flash Studies

• • • • Arc Flash calculations should be completed in conjunction with the system short circuit study and coordination study Calculate momentary, interrupting and arcing current values Compare available fault currents protective device ratings Establish trip settings for all types of protective devices This will minimize downtime for your entire power distribution system 53

Summary

• • • • • • NFPA 70E ® Safety Standard that supports the NEC and OSHA Covers Safety Related Work Practices & Maintenance Requirements Electrical Safety Program Hazard Analysis Lock Out Tag Out – LOTO Energized work Arc Flash issues and PPE 54

Questions?

Steven Shapiro, PE, ATD

Morrison Hershfield Mission Critical (914) 420-3213 [email protected]

http://www.linkedin.com/in/stevenshapirope Twitter: @stevenshapirope 55