Transcript Document

Introduction to 7th Grade Science
2006-07
NAME _________________________ PERIOD ____
After completing the lessons in this unit, you will .
. .
1.
Explain the terms length, volume,
temperature and mass.
2.
Use the metric system to measure length,
volume, temperature and mass.
3.
Convert units of metric measurement.
4.
Describe the usage of the scientific method.
5.
Be ready for a great year in science class!!
PA Academic standards covered in this unit include . .
1.
3.2.7B Apply process knowledge to make and
interpret observations.
2.
3.2.7C Identify and use the elements of
scientific inquiry to solve problems.
3.
3.2.7D Know and use the technological design
process to solve problems.
4.
3.7.7A Describe the safe and appropriate use
of tools, materials and techniques to answer questions
and solve problems.
5.
3.7.7B Use appropriate instruments and
apparatus to study materials.
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Metric System
System of measurement based on the number 10. Used
by scientists all over the world.
Volume
The amount of space taken up by an object or liquid.
Measured in liters in the metric system.
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Mass
The amount of material in an object. Measured in grams
in the metric system.
Scientific method
Logical method scientists use to solve a problem.
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Hypothesis
An educated guess about the solution to a problem.
Experiment
Used to determine if a hypothesis is correct.
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Investigable Question
Question that can be answered by completing an
experiment.
Control
Used as a comparison in an experiment.
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Variable
Item that is changed or tested in an experiment.
Independent Variable (IV)
Factor changed in the experiment in order to
make a comparison.
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Dependent Variable (DV)
Factor measured in an experiment. Changes value
because of the independent variable.
Data table
Used to organize the data during an experiment.
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Graph
Used to make a “picture” of the data collected in an
experiment.
Quantitative Observations
Include numbers and their unit of measurement.
Examples: 100 degrees Celsius, 30 cm
Qualitative Observations
Do not include a number – usually adjectives.
Examples: long, short, tall, thin
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Law
Considers to be a scientific fact. Accepted as true.
Example - gravity
Theory
Probably true, because it has not been scientifically
Proven to be wrong. Examples – Big Bang, relativity.
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Prefixes we will use with the Metric System
Symbol
Kilo
Meter, Liter,
Gram
Centi
Milli
Prefix
Meaning
k
1000
-
-
c
1/100
m
1/1000
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Using the Metric System
Type of
Measuring
Measurement Device Used
Metric Unit
Standard
Unit
Distance
Ruler, meter
stick
meter
Inch, foot
Volume
Graduated
cylinder
liter
Cup, gallon,
teaspoon
Celsius
Fahrenheit
gram
Pound, ounce
Temperature thermometer
Weight/Mass
balance
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Length Measurement Practice
Length
Estimated
Measurement Measurement
(cm)
Width of lab
table
Width of
binder
Height of
eraser
Width of one
block of
floor tile
Your height
Actual
Measurement
(cm)
Converted Measurements
mm
m
Length Practice Homework
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1. _________________________
2. ________________________________
3. ____
4. ___________
5. ___________________
6. _______
7. _______________________
8. __
9. ______________________________________________
10. _______________
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Mass Measurement Practice
Mass
Estimated
Triple Beam
Measurement Measurement Balance (g)
(g)
10
paperclips
Your pencil
A plastic
beaker
One
Marker
Your
Binder
Electronic
Balance (g)
Conversion to
Kilograms
(kg)
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Volume Practice
1. _____________________
2. _____________________
3. _____________________
4. _____________________
5. _____________________
6. _____________________
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Temperature Practice
1. The temperature of this room is __________
2. The outside temperature is ______________
3. The temperature of the ice water is _______
4. The temperature of the hot water is _______
5. The temperature of your hand is __________
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The Steps in the Process of Scientific Inquiry
1. Ask a Question
2. Make a Hypothesis
• Ask an investigable
question
•Research
•Make an educated
guess
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The Steps in the Process of Scientific Inquiry
3. Design an
Experiment
• Identify variables
•Decide on materials
needed
•Write a procedure
•Think about safety
•Create a Data table
The Steps in the Process of Scientific Inquiry
4. Conduct the
Experiment
• Follow steps in your
procedure
•Think about safety
•Record data carefully
•Complete multiple trials
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The Steps in the Process of Scientific Inquiry
5. Organize and Analyze
Results
• Create graphs from
your data tables
•Accept or reject your
hypothesis
•Develop an explanation
for your conclusion
6. Communicate results
•Write a lab report
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Creating a Data Table
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
List the dependent variable(s) along the top of
the table.
List the independent variable along the side of
the table.
Include a title that describes the information
found in the table.
Be sure to include units of measurement with
each variable.
Use a ruler to make the lines for your table.
Be sure to leave enough space for multiple trials
of your experiment if needed.
Practice data table
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The Effects of Fertilizers on Plant Height
Fertil
izer
Plant
Plant height (cm)
Day
1
1
A
2
3
4
B
5
6
7
C
8
9
Day
2
Day
3
Day
4
Day
5
Day
6
Day
7
Day
8
Day
9
Day
10
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Guidelines for Graphing the Data
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Always use a pencil and a ruler when making graphs.
Use the whole sheet of graph paper provided to you. The
larger the graph the easier it is to read.
Provide a key to your graph, so that it is easy to
understand.
Give your graph a title that describes it well.
Plot the the numbers evenly on each axis.
Put the dependent variable on the y-axis (left side) and
put the independent variable on the x-axis (bottom).
Line graphs – are used when both variables are
quantitative.
Bar graphs – are used when at least one of the variables is
qualitative.
Circle (or pie) graphs – are used when one variable is
quantitative, but can be changed to a percent.
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Bubble Frames
Question: What happens to the number of bubble surfaces
when the number of corners on a bubble frame are increased?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Use a circular frame and dip it into the bubble solution. What shape is
the bubble film when your pull it out?
Now, bounce the frame and draw a side view picture that shows how far
above and below the frame the bubble film bounced. How many bubble
surfaces have you created?
Construct a triangle shaped frame using gumdrops and toothpicks. Then
build a tetrahedron (4 triangles), pyramid (square bottom with 4
triangle sides) and a cube.
Eventually, you will dip each of the frames into the bubble solution and
count the number of bubble surfaces that are created by each frame.
What is the independent variable in this experiment?
____________________ What is the dependent
variable?________________
Form a hypothesis about what you think is going to happen to the
number of bubble surfaces.
Below, create a table to record you data for this experiment. Have it
checked by your teacher before you get started with you experiment.
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Question
How do
fertilizers
affect the rate
of algae
growth?
What happens
to the volume
of a liquid when
it is heated?
Does stirring
affect how
quickly sugar
dissolves in
water?
Does drinking
beverages with
caffeine affect
heart rate?
Independent
Variable (cause)
Dependent
Variable
(effect)
Controlled
Variables (kept
the same for
all)
Hypothesis
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Comparing Bubble Solutions
Objective: To determine which brand of dishwashing liquid makes the
biggest bubbles.
To Measure Bubble Size:
1.
Pour some soap solution on the surface of the table and use your
hand to wet an area about 45 cm (18 in) in diameter.
2.
Dip a straw into the solution in the container.
3.
With the straw just touching the soapy surface of the table,
gently blow through the straw to form a bubble dome and
continue blowing until it pops. Take a breath if needed.
4.
With a meter stick, measure the inside diameter of the ring of
suds length by the bubble dome.
Your Job: Design an experiment to determine which of the 3 brands
of dishwashing detergent makes the biggest bubbles. Be sure to
include the following information:
Question, hypothesis, IV, DV, CV, data table,
procedure, materials, graph
1-1
Intro to
th
7
grade science
A. Write a paragraph that begins “Science is .
. .”
B. Write a brief description of the “perfect”
science class.
1-2 Intro to 7th grade science
A. List the qualities you think a good scientist
has. Which of these qualities do you think
is most important? Why?
B. List and describe as many branches of
science as you can. What area do you find
most interesting? Why?
1-3
Intro To 7th Grade Science
A. Experimentation is an important aspect of
science. What is the most interesting experiment
you have ever done? Why did you enjoy it so
much?
B. A hypothesis is a prediction that is either proved
or disproved through experimentation. Form a
hypothesis about how many breaths you take in
one minute them time yourself to see how many
you actually take. Was your hypothesis correct?
What conditions affect the results of your
experiment?
1-4
Intro to
th
7
grade science
The scientific method involves forming a
question about a problem, gathering
information, stating a hypothesis, designing
and performing an experiment and drawing
a conclusion from the results of the
experiment. How could you use the
scientific method to find out why your best
friend stopped speaking to you?