Transcript Заголовок слайда отсутствует

PHOBOS - GRUNT
Phobos Sample Return Mission
1. Basis for choice, goals and methods of study
Content
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Choice of the mission: The main criterias
Selected Mission
Phobos: Basis of the choice
Phobos: Main steps of investigation
Phobos & Deimos: Likeness and Difference
Phobos: Current understanding
PHOBOS-GRUNT mission: Scientific objections
Phobos: Methods of investigation
PHOBOS-GRUNT: Strawman Payload
PHOBOS-GRUNT project: Current status
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Choice of the mission: the main criteria
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determination of the topical significant scientific task in planetary
exploration;
taking into account of results, heritage and available experience in
planetary exploration in the country;
taking into account of interests of wide circle of scientists in the
country and drawing in the project young scientists;
keeping of international cooperation in preparation and
implementation of the project;
necessity of creation of new space platform for planetary exploration,
based on new technology;
taking into account of limited funding of the Russian space program;
necessity of realization of the project during the next 3-5 years;
realizeness (technical and financial reability).
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Selected mission
Phobos Sample Return Mission -
“PHOBOS - GRUNT”
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delivery of samples of the regolith,
study of Phobos from sc during orbiting
and landing on the Phobos surface,
monitoring of Mars.
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Phobos:
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Basis of the choice
Delivery to the Earth a sample of relict matter and its investigation in the
laboratories is one of the most important task of current Solar system
exploration;
scientific and technical solutions of a mission to Phobos have heritage and
choosing a mission to Phobos continues the strategy of planetary exploration in
our country;
Phobos and Deimos are the most accessible small bodies for space research
from the technical point of view;
preparation and realization of a Phobos mission reflects interests of many
institutes of the Russian academy of sciences - IKI, Vernadsky Institute, Apply
Mathematics Institute, Institute of Radioelectronic, Institute of Earth Physic and
others;
besides Phobos investigation a mission to Phobos allows to study several
important problems of Mars, its environment, some interesting problems of
fundamental physics;
a mission for Phobos investigation is independent on any current foreign space
mission and from other side supplement the current American and European
program on Mars exploration and exploration of Solar system small bodies what
can be a base for international cooperation.
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Phobos:
Main steps of investigation
1610 - Johannes Kepler was one of the first who suggested the existence two Martian
moons,
1877 - Asaph Hall, American astronomer discovered two satellite of Mars Phobos and
Deimos;
1896 -1909 - S. Kostinsky (Pulkovo observatory) made the first pictures of these
satellites;
1911 - G.V. Struve suggested a theory of moving of Martian satellites;
1945 - B.Shurpless came to the conclusion on the existence of century acceleration of
Phobos;
1958 - J. Koiper made the first photometric measurements (albedo - 0,06-0,07;
carbonaceous chondrites),
1971 - 1972 - «Mariner-9» (TV-camera, IR-radiometer, UF-spectrometer);
1976 - 1977 - «Viking-Orbiter» (TV-camera, orbital measurements).
1989 - «PHOBOS-2» (TV-camera, radiometers and spectral measurements of regolith)
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Phobos & Deimos:
Likeness and Difference
Phobos
Deimos
26,6  22,2  18,6 km
15,0  12,4  10,8 km
Mean density
1,9  0,1 g/cm3
1,8  0,3 g/cm3
Norm. Reflect. (0,54 m)
0,071  0,012
0,068  0,007
Т (?)
D (?)
Global grooves
No grooves
0,54 cm/с2
0,31 cm/s2
R = 9378 km (2,76 RM),
R = 23459 km (6,9 RM),
T = 7h 39min, i = 240
T = 30h 21min, i = 240
Synchronous rotation
Synchronous rotation
Dimensions
Taxonomy
Geologic features
Acceleration in a free fall
Circular orbit
Proper motion
Libration: period 10 h
amplitude  70
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Phobos:
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Current understanding
In overall the data acquired on Phobos and Deimos have shown their unique
features:
– dramatic different appearance,
– low density,
– the failure to establish a direct «class relatives» among the family of asteroids
(«brotherly» relation to D-type is currently suspended),
– peculiarity of orbital and proper motion.
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Composition (including presence of water ice) remain poorly defined.
Interior structure is unknown.
The matter and dynamics of dust tori associated with Phobos and Deimos
warrants investigation.
Origin of the Martian satellites remains the mystery; its unveiling may
contribute to the understanding of the origin of satellite systems of other
planets.
Their characteristics demonstrate our inability to model some important solid
body and surface processes on small bodies.
Phobos and Deimos study continues to be important in the context of Mars
exploration.
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PHOBOS-GRUNT mission:
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Scientific objections
study physical and chemical characteristics of Phobos regolith and subsurface
layers in situ and under laboratory conditions - these data can provide
information on properties of primordial matter of the Solar system;
study of the role played by asteroidal impacts in the formation of terrestrial
planets, in the evolution of their atmospheres, crusts, and inventories of
volotiles;
study of the origin of the Martian satellites and their relation to Mars - these data
can help in our understanding of their evolution and the origin of satellite
systems near other planets;
search of organic matter, possible life or paleolife;
study of peculiarities of orbital and proper motion of Phobos, what is important
for understanding their origin, internal structure, celestial mechanics
applications;
study physical conditions of the Martian environment (dust, gas, plasma
components) what is important to study of treatment processes of small body
regolith under influence of external conditions and creation of engineering model
of the Martian environment for future Martian missions;
Monitoring of dynamic of the Martian atmosphere and seasons climate
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Phobos:
Methods of investigation
1. Delivery of sample of the matter at the Earth. With a returned sample it would be possible to
address the following topics:
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absolute dating, the length of formatting interval and the subsequent evolution;
precise identification of primitive material, its chemical composition;
origin of Phobos / Deimos and their relation to Mars;
search of organic material.
2. In-situ study. Measurements on Phobos`s surface will provide the opportunity to establish a ground truth data
need for validation and interpretation of remote sensing and to do a detailed, in situ study of regolith samples,
specifically their:
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elemental and mineral composition, volatile content;
microscopic structure, physical and mechanical properties of the regolith;
celestial mechanic and fundamental physics experiments;
long duration monitoring of Mars.
3. Remote sensing: Remote sensing of Phobos from co-orbiting spacecraft will provide global coverage of data
related to both the surface and internal structure of the satellite, will provide an opportunity to relate data returned
from the landing site to the all Phobos`s surface:
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global geologic mapping,
size, shape, mass, bulk density,
color, albedo, photometric scattering and thermal properties,
mapping of global elemental and mineral composition,
internal structure,
landing site certification and selection,
The Martian environment (dust tori, solar wind - Phobos`s surface interaction).
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PHOBOS-GRUNT:
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Strawman Payload
Instrument
TV-system
Gamma-spectrometer
Neutron spectrometer
Alpha-X spectrometer
Mass-spectrometer
Seismometer
Long-waves radar
Visual-near IR spectrometer
Dust counter
Ion comp. spectrometer
Solar sensor
Precise transmitter
In situ
Rem. Sen.
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PHOBOS-GRUNT project:
Current status
The PHOBOS-GRUNT project is the only national planetary project in the current
decade and Rosaviacosmos and the Academy of sciences take the special
attention to this project.
Two versions of the spacecraft are under the development now. During the current year
we are holding a tender between these versions to choose the most effective and
more realistic one in our conditions.
Space Research Institute has a contract with Rosaviacosmos for development of a set
of scientific instruments for the mission. The main subcontractor is Vernadsky
Institute. Several other Institutes of the Russian academy of sciences participate in
this contract.
More then 20 proposals for scientific experiments have been received for the mission.
The main purpose of the work during the current year is to select instruments for
the mission from scientific and technical point of view.
We would be very interested in participation of foreign scientists in this mission, in
particular we would like to invite American and European scientists to participate in
proposal and selection processes of science instruments.
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