Transcript The Age of Absolutism The Enlightenment and the American

Vocabulary Ch 17-18
Absolute monarch
Divine right
Armada
Intendant
Balance of Power
Dissenter
Habeas corpus
Limited monarchy
Elector
Mercenary
Depopulation
Westernization
Boyar
Warm-water port
Natural law
Social contract
Natural right
Philosophe
Physiocrat
Laissez faire
Censorship
Enlightened despot
Constitutional government
Cabinet
Prime minister
Oligarchy
Popular sovereignty
Loyalist
Federal republic
The Age of Absolutism
The Enlightenment and the
American Revolution
1500 to 1800
40
The Age of Absolutism
Philip II...great grandson of Ferdinand and
Isabella…consort of Mary I
*Expanded Spanish influence
Strengthened the Catholic Church
• Inquisition, Wars with Protestants .... Spanish Armada
*Made his own power absolute
• Was a workaholic, believed god had chosen him to be
ruler…Divine Right
*Spain became the most powerful state in
Europe
• Largely due to the riches coming from the new world
Spain enjoyed a “golden century,” 1550 to 1650
• Huge cathedrals
• Don Quixote
*Spain's Decline
Inflation
Gold and silver market
flooded
Costly overseas wars
Taxed the middle class
Expulsion of Jews and
Muslims
Reduced skilled artisans
and merchants
France Under Louis XIV
Religious wars between Catholics and
Protestants tore France apart in the late
1500s
Henry IV 1589 laid the *foundation of
absolutism
Religious toleration
Built a bureaucracy... roads, bridges, agriculture
Reduced the power of the nobles
Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin expanded
royal power
Weakening the nobles and the Huguenots
Louis XIV
Assumed absolute power in
1661
*Was a workaholic, believed god
had chosen him to be
ruler…Divine Right
France became the most
powerful state in Europe
300,000 paid full time army
*Versailles
Became the seat of government
10,000 lived there
Nobles vied for privileges and
paid no taxes
Summary
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your notes to this point.
The Tudors
Henry VIII to Elizabeth ...
1485 to 1603
*Worked with Parliament
Spanish Armada..1588
Sir Frances Drake
The Stuart kings
*Clashed with Parliament
Over royal authority, money,
foreign policy, and religion
James I
Wanted divine right
Dissolved Parliament
Pressured by the Puritans
Charles I 1625
Behaved like his father
Signed the Petition of Right
• No taxes without approval
• No imprisoning without just cause
Dissolved Parliament 1629
Forced strict Anglican rules
Calvinist Scots revolted
*Parliament called 1640 for money
• Revolted
• Tried and executed his chief ministers
Civil War 1642 to 1649
Charles I tried to arrest the radical
leaders of the House of Commons
*Cavaliers and Roundheads
Victorious Parliament executed Charles in
1649
Abolished the monarchy
Created a republic headed by Oliver Cromwell
"Charles Stuart is a tyrant, traitor, murderer
and public enemy to the good of this nation,
shall be put to death by severing of his head
from his body."
The Republic under Cromwell
Tried to crush the Catholic
rebels in Ireland
Levellers suppressed
*Took the title Lord Protector in
1653 and ruled with his army
*Followed Puritan morality
Closed all theaters, frowned on
dancing and music
Literacy rates increased
Marriages based on love
*The Glorious Revolution
In 1660 Charles II returned
Believed in divine right
Restored the Church of England
Religious toleration
In 1685 James II (brother)
Flaunted his Catholic faith
In 1688 William and Mary invited by
Parliament to become rulers of England
James II fled to France
*English Bill of Rights
House of Commons given the power of the
purse
Habeas corpus
A limited monarchy
Summary
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your notes to this point.
Rise of Austria and Prussia
The Thirty Years’ War…. 1618 - 1648
Started as a local religious conflict in Germany
In time involved almost every European power.
The Peace of Westphalia
France gained territory
Germany was fragmented into more than 360 separate states
Switzerland and the Netherlands gained independence
Prussia (Catholic)
Frederick the Great
• Military might makes right
*The great powers of Europe developed a system of
alliances to maintain the balance of power.
Absolute Monarchy in
Russia
*Peter the Great
Autocratic methods to modernize
Russia
Pushed through social and
economic reforms
Importing western technology
Through wars, treaties, and
exploration
Russia expanded its territory, from
the Baltic to the Pacific
*Catherine the Great
Achieved a warm-water port on the
Black Sea by waging war against the
Ottoman empire
Summary
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your notes to this point.
The Enlightenment and the
American Revolution (1715–1800)
Philosophy in the Age of
Reason
Enlightenment thinkers
called
*philosophes...’Lovers of
Wisdom’
Used reason and natural
laws to solve social,
political, and economic
problems.
The reasoning of men
could free them of their
ills and lead them to
peace, security, a good
government and ideal
society. Reason would
ensure the progress of
humanity and entire
society.
Political
Thinkers
*Thomas Hobbes
pessimistic…1651
People were naturally
bad
Government needed to
be strict to control
Social contract
• people gave up state of
nature for an organized
society
*John Locke
optimistic…1690
Natural rights...to life
liberty and property
People formed
governments to protect
rights
If governments failed
then the people could
overthrow them
Political
Thinkers
*Baron de
Montesquieu 1748
Divide the functions of
government
• legislature, executive
and judiciary
Check and balances
*Francois-Marie
Arouet ... Voltaire
“I do not agree with a
word that you say, but I
will defend to the death
your right to say it.”
Free Speech
Political
Thinkers
*Denis Diderot
“The Encyclopedia”
1750 to 1772
Spread the
Philosophes ideas
*Jean-Jacques
Rousseau 1762
People born
good...society makes
them bad
*General Will
Government by
consent of the
governed.
Summary
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your notes to this point.
Enlightenment Thinking
*Physiocrats...natural
laws for economic
systems
*Laissez faire...little or
no government
interference
*Free market...supply
and demand
The ideas of the
philosophes and
physiocrats
Justified revolutions
Inspired systems of
representative
government
Shaped economics in
the 1800 and 1900's
Enlightenment Ideas Spread
Europeans began to
challenge established
traditions
Divine-right rule
Strict class system
*Enlightened despots,
used their power to bring
about social and political
change
Frederick the Great...first
servant of the state
Catherine the Great granted
limited reforms for the
nobles
Joseph II and Maria
Theresa ...Hapsburg of
Austria
• Peasant emperor
Other Changes
Music and writings
Johann Sebastian
Bach..organ and choirs
George Frederick Handel...
operas “Messiah”
Wolfgang Amadeus
Mozart... operas,
symphonies and religious
Daniel Defoe.... Robinson
Crusoe
New middle class
Merchants and town
officials
*Most Europeans remained
peasants
• Lived in small rural
villages
• Untouched by
Enlightenment ideas
*Peasant life
Western…tenant farmers
or paid labor
Eastern…many were still
serfs
Britain at Mid-Century 1700's
*Rise to world power
Island location
Colonial possessions
Favorable business climate
Powerful navy
Constitutional Government
power defined and limited by law
*Three new political institutions in Britain
Political parties
• Tories landed aristocrats...royal power and older traditions
• Whigs ...liberal backing Parliament
The cabinet
• small group of ruling party from the House of Commons
The office of prime minister
• leader of the majority party in Parliament
• Putting executive and legislative branches together
Most political and economic power in Britain was
held by a ruling class of landowning aristocrats
*Britain has no written constitution
Summary
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your notes to this point.
Birth of the American Republic
*Settlers in the 13
English colonies
protested to King George
British taxes
Trade restrictions
An attack on their rights
as British citizens
• Especially since they had
no representation in
Parliament
“Intolerable Acts”
•Accused Colonists could
be tried in England
•American homes were
forced to host British troops
•Boston Harbor was closed
American Revolution
1770... Boston
Massacre 5 people
killed
1773... Boston Tea
Party Protest of taxes
1775... War!!!
1776... Declaration of
war
“We hold these truths”
John Locke
The War 1775 to 1781
Looked bleak at the start
*The British
Had a professional army
Lots of money
Occupied most majors cities
1/3 of colonists were
loyalists
1/3 did not care
*The Americans
Few military resources
Little money
Fighting on their own
ground
Controlled the countryside
The End of the War
The French Alliance
1777
*Treaty of Paris... 1781
Battle of Saratoga
convinced the French
to join
Supplied ... arms,
training and warships
Netherlands and Spain
also joined
John Jay, John Adams,
Benjamin Franklin, Henry
Laurens, and Franklin's
grandson, William Temple
Franklin,
United States of America
recognized
New boundaries to the
Mississippi river
A new Constitution
*Inspired by Enlightenment ideas
Separation of powers and checks and balances
Natural rights
Consent of the governed
Freedom of Speech
*The United States Constitution would serve as a
model for other democratic nations.
Summary
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your notes to this point.
America the Beautiful
The End
The French Revolution is next
Read Chapter 19