Transcript Chapter 19 - Charleston School District

Chapter 19
Growth In the West
1860-1900
Miners, Ranchers, and Cowhands
Section 1 Objectives
• To describe the geography and population
of the West
• To explain how mining the West led to
settlement
• To describe the cattle industry
• To establish how law and order was
established in the West
1. Why did few settlers make
their homes on the Great
Plains?
• Mid 1800’s towns such as St. Joseph and
Independence, MO, were jumping off
places for settlers going west
• Last cities before the frontier
• Great Plains thought to be empty which
attracted few people to its rolling plains,
dry plateaus, and deserts (1)
The
Great
Plains
An escarpment on
the Great Plains
The Sand Hills of
Nebraska
Cliffs in North Dakota
2. What part did railroads play in the
settlement of the West?
Trains carried the natural resources of
the West-minerals, timber, crops, and
cattle-to eastern markets. In turn, trains
brought miners, ranchers, and farmers
west to develop these resources
further.
3. What developments opened Colorado
and Nevada to settlement?
In 1859 gold and silver strikes drew fortune
seekers to Colorado and Nevada.
The Lure of Gold
4. What effect did gold
and silver strikes have
on small towns?
They would often
become a boomtown
with large population
growth and a ghost town
when the mines
dry up.
5. How did the mining process change over
time?
Early miners used panning and sluicing
to wash sand and gravel from a stream
to separate out any bits of precious
metal, but larger mining companies
moved in after the surface mines no
longer yelded gold or silver, using
water cannons to blast away hillsides.
Paid workers in company mines
replaced independent prospectors.
6.
What made cattle ranching profitable?
The extension of the railroad lines from
Chicago and St. Louis into Kansas by the
1860’s created new markets for cattle
ranchers in the west who drove their herds
to cattle towns in Kansas to be sold in the
meat-hungry cities of the East.
7.
What was the purpose of the long drive?
The purpose of the long drive was to drive
cattle along the many trails that stretched
from Texas to Kansas and take them to rail
towns such as Abilene and Dodge City so
the cattle could be sold in eastern cities and
shipped by rail.
End of the Long Drives
• Cattle industry boomed for twenty years
• Extension of RR into Texas caused cattle drives
to become shorter and shorter
• Cattle boom comes to an end by 1886
• Large supply of beef caused drop in price from
$30 - $7 a head
• Barbed wire closed in frontier
• Sheep raising flourished
• During the winter of 1886-7, many cattle froze
on the open range
The days of the long drives ended
as the railroad extended farther south.
Other technologies like barbed wire
fenced off land and made it impossible
for the drives to take place.
8.
What ranching skills did American cowhands
learn from the vaqueros?
• First cowhands were Spanish Vaqueros who
came from Mexico in the 1500’s
• American cowhand learned to rope and ride
from Vaqueros
• Adapted Saddle, spurs, laríat, and chaps from
Vaqueros
9.
What kinds of people became cowhands?
• 1 in 3 cowhands in West was Mexican or African
American who came West because of the Black
Codes in the South
• Many Union and Confederate soldiers
10. What were the main causes of disorder in cow
towns?
• Growing cow town had no local gov't or law officers
• Swindlers cheated people
• Hard feelings from Civil War led many soldiers (both
sides) to lives of crime
• John Wesley Hardin, Billy the Kid, and Jesse and
Frank James as well as Belle Starr, the Bandit Queen
11. How did citizens respond to these threats?
• Citizens formed vigilante groups
• As towns became more settled, sheriffs and marshals
were elected
12.
What ended the long drives?
By 1886, several developments had brought the cattle boom to an
end. The price of beef dropped sharply as the supply increases in
the early 1880’s from $30 to $7 a head. Settlers began to use
barbed wire to fence in their farms to raise sheep which stopped
free access to drive cattle to markets. Finally a harsh winter in
1886-7 froze thousands of cattle to death, putting ranchers out of
business.
Summarizing
A boomtown is a town that has a sudden burst of
economic or population growth. They often
grew around areas where gold or silver was
found and died when the mineral ran out.
Vaquero is the Spanish name for cowboy.
American cowboys learned to rope and ride
from vaqueros.
Vigilantes were people who took the law into
their own hands due to lack of protection on the
frontier. The punished criminals without a trial
by hanging them or shooting them.
Native Americans Fight to Survive
Section 2 Objectives
• To describe Native American life on the
plains
• To explain how plains tribes responded to
white attempts to take away their lands
• To identify the outcome of Native
American resistance efforts
• To evaluate the impact of the Dawes Act
on the Plains tribes
Native American Life on the Plains
• Before the arrival of Europeans, Plains tribes lived in
villages along rivers and streams
• Women tended beans, corn, and squash
• Men hunted deer, elk, and buffalo
1. How did horses change the way of life of the Plains
people?
• Spanish brought horses in the 1500’s
• Natives became expert riders which allowed them to
travel far from their villages seeking buffalo
2. Why was buffalo important to Plains tribes?
Plains Indians relied heavily on the buffalo. Nothing on the animal was
wasted. Its meat became chief to their diet, while its skins served as
portable shelters called tepees. Hides became clothing, shoes, and
blankets. Dried manure was used for cooking fuel and bones and horns
were used as well for tools and bowls. (2)
Buffalo Jump-Episode 1 15:15
A Clash of Cultures
• U.S. Government first moved Native Americans west of the
Mississippi in 1830’s
• Promised that land was theirs “as long as the grass grows or
water runs”
3. Why did the government break its promises not to open Indian
Territory to white settlement?
• Gov't policy was determined by belief that white settlers were
not interested in the Plains because the land was considered
too dry for farming
• Wagon trains crossed plains in the 1850's and saw the
possibilities of farming and ranching on its grasslands
• Settlers pressured Government for more land and protection
• Promises broken repeatedly
FAMILY LIFE ON THE PLAINS
• Tribes were very spiritual
and land was communal
• Indians believed in the Sun
God
• Danced the Sun Dance
OSAGE TRIBE
Medicine Man Ep. 1 Scene 5
The Trail of Tears was a forced movement of Cherokee tribe to Indian
territory of Oklahoma during the winter of 1838-39. One-fourth died
along the march.
SETTLERS PUSH
WESTWARD
• The white settlers who
pushed westward had
a different idea about
land ownership
• Concluding that the
plains were “unsettled,
“ thousands advanced
to claim land
• Gold being discovered
in Colorado only
intensified the rush for
land
A COVERED WAGON
HEADS WEST
1851-The First Treaty of Fort
Laramie
• Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapaho, and other
Plains tribes met near Fort Laramie in
Wyoming
• Government officials tried to buy back
some Native American land
• Set boundaries for tribal lands
• Indians felt they had no other choice than
to sign the treaty
1864 -The Sand Creek Massacre
• Cheyenne and Sioux resisted Fort Laramie
Treaty
• Rather would have conflict with settlers and
government than live on reservations
• Cheyenne warriors attacked miners and
soldiers in southeastern Colorado
• 1200 Colorado militia opened fire on a peaceful
Cheyenne village, killing 150 Cheyenne men,
women, and children
• Soldiers mutilated the bodies of the Indians
In one of the most sordid affairs between whites and American Indians,
more than 200 Cheyennes, mainly women and children, lay dead
following Col. John M. Chivington’s destruction of Black Kettle’s Southern
Cheyenne village nestled along Sand Creek in southeastern Colorado, on
November 29, 1864. The Chivington massacre included the mutilation of
Indians, including severed genitals. Black Kettle’s village had camped
near Fort Lyon with the understanding that they were friendly, an
American flag flew from the village.
Black Kettle is second from
the left in the front.
“What you are proposing is murder,” Lt. Joseph Cramer told his commanding
officer, Colonel John Chivington of the Third Colorado Cavalry, shortly before
daybreak on the morning of the planned assault. Cramer and several other
members of Chivington’s command staff had severe misgivings about the
prospect of a sneak attack against a band of defenseless Cheyenne Indians who
had been promised protection.
Chief Black Kettle had distinguished himself through repeated efforts to secure
the peace – on one occasion riding weaponless between opposing skirmish lines
to prevent a battle from breaking out. In witness of his non-belligerency he had
been provided with a United States flag by military officers who promised to
protect the Cheyenne and Arapahos who lived in his encampment.
Episode 4 22:16 from http://beforeitsnews.com/strange/2012/10/what-toremember-on-memorial-day-2444284.html
• Some of the Army officers who came to Fort Phil
Kearny were "fire-eaters," who hoped to prove
their courage and win recognition by battling the
Indians.
• Foremost among these was Captain William
Fetterman, who boasted that if he were given 80
soldiers he could "ride through the entire Sioux
nation."
• One day, Fetterman was sent out with 80 mounted
troopers to protect a column of soldiers that were
bringing wood to the fort.
• A party of Indians led by Crazy Horse appeared
on a ridge near the fort and, contrary to orders,
Fetterman led his troops in pursuit of the Indians,
over the ridge and out of site of the fort.
• On the other side of the ridge, Fetterman found
himself in the midst of a thousand hostile Indian
warriors.
• Fetterman had been lured into a trap, and he and
his entire command were quickly and totally
wiped out.
Fetterman Massacre
1866
Episode 4 47:48
4.
How did the Sand Creek and the Fetterman
massacres affect government policy toward Native
Americans?
These incidents forced the government to try to find a
way to end the fighting. In 1868, U.S. officials signed the
Second Treaty of Fort Laramie with the Sioux, Northern
Cheyenne, and the Arapaho, giving them a large
reservation in the Black Hills of South Dakota.
Battle of the Washita River
• The Battle of Washita River (or Battle of the
Washita), occurred on November 27, 1868, when Lt.
Col. George Armstrong Custer’s 7th U.S. Cavalry
attacked Black Kettle’s Cheyenne camp on the
Washita River near present day Cheyenne,
Oklahoma
• Custer had been suspended from command and
rank for 1 year for desertion and mistreatment of
soldiers in a military court
• Custer attacked the sleeping village and within 15
minutes scores of Cheyenne were killed (103)
• Black Kettle had met with the U.S. military the day
before the attack in a show of peace
• Black Kettle was killed in the attack and 53 women
and children were captured
1868 - The Second Treaty of Fort
Laramie
• Sioux, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho signed
treaty
• Gave these tribes a large reservation in the
Black Hills of South Dakota
• In 1874, white prospectors discovered gold in
the Black Hills
• 1000’s of miners rushed onto Sioux land
• No attention was paid to the treaty
• Tribal leaders rejected offer to buy back land
• United under Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse
Indians were promised that the Black Hills would be theirs as long as
"the grass grows and the water flows" according to the Second Treaty of
Fort Laramie. In this case that was all of 8 years.
Tatanka-Iyotanka (18311890), also known as
Sitting Bull was the chief
of the Lakota Sioux tribe
who fought against
American expansion into
the Great Plains region of
the Dakotas. Sitting Bull
was killed by a Lakota
policemen who put a
bullet through his head.
5. How did the Battle of Little Big Horn affect
government Indian policy?
• Seventh Calvary under the command of Lt. Col.
George A. Custer set out to return the Sioux to the
reservations
• June 25, 1876, Custer’s forces met several thousand
Sioux and Cheyenne near the Little Bighorn River in
Montana
• In less than 2 hours, Custer and his men, 211 in allwere wiped out
• The government responded by stepping up military
action against Native Americans, ending the
resistance.
Resistance in the Northwest and
Southwest
• Nez Perce were a peaceful tribe in the
Northwest (eastern Oregon and Idaho)
• Land guaranteed by 1855 treaty
• Government forced them to sell land as
settlement increased in 1860’s
• Chief Joseph led group that refused to sell
land and move to a narrow strip of land in
Idaho
In 1877, a group of Nez
Perce Indians, led by Chief
Joseph, refused to move to
new lands in Idaho and fled,
seeking refuge in Canada.
For 4 months the Nez Perce
traveled across 1,000 miles
of rugged terrain with army
troops in pursuit. The U.S.
army caught up with them
just 40 miles from the
Canadian border. Chief
Joseph said, “I will fight no
more, forever.”
• In the Southwest, both the Navajos and the
Apaches fought against being removed to
reservations
• U.S. troops ended Navajo resistance in Arizona
in 1863 by burning Navajo homes and crops
• 8,000 Navajos were forced on a brutal 300 mile
journey to a reservation in eastern New Mexico
• Called “the Long Walk”
• Hundreds died on the way
• Allowed to return to Arizona after 4 years
Most of the Navajos were
forced to walk more than
300 miles to captivity;
many did not survive the
journey.
After decades of pursuing
Geronimo and his fierce band of
Chiricahua Apache, the U.S.
Army finally captured him in
1886. He was first sent to
Florida where he was
imprisoned and sentenced to
hard labor. Years later, he was
released to a reservation in Fort
Sill, Oklahoma.
Geronimo
6.What were the results of efforts by Nez Perce, Navajo, and
Apache to resist removal to reservations?
All resisted which led to mistreatment by the U.S. government and
eventual removal to reservations.
7. Why did the buffalo almost vanish from the plains?
Hired hunters killed the animals to feed crews building
Railroads. Others shot them for sport or to supply
Eastern factories with leather for robes, shoes, and belts.
From 1872-1882, hunters killed more than 1 million buffalo each
year.
8. What events led to the Wounded Knee Massacre?
• Buffalo herds dwindled from 30 million to almost
extinction
• By 1880’s most Plains tribes were forced on
reservations
• Paiute prophet, Wovaka, urged Native Americans to
perform the “Ghost Dance” because of his vision in
which whites were removed and Natives could hunt
the buffalo
Wounded Knee Massacre
• Many of Wovoka's followers, especially the
Sioux, fled the reservations and gathered at
the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota
• Fearing war, the army was sent to track down
the Ghost Dancers and rounded them up and
set up a temporary camp along the Wounded
Knee Creek in S.D.
• On December 29, 1890, the Sioux were giving
up their weapons when someone fired a shot
• 300 men, women, and children were killed by
the army
The Ghost Dance was the last desperate
hope of the Plains Indians to regain the
old way of life the white man had
wrested from them. It arose from a vision
by a Paiute medicine man named
Wavoka, who in 1889 was in a high fever
at the time of a major eclipse of the sun.
He said that in his vision he was carried
to the afterworld, where all those who
had died were living a happy life.
The movement spread like wildfire.
Tribes as widely dispersed as the Sioux,
Cheyenne, Comanche, Shoshone, and
Arapaho began dancing and chanting to
make the white man go away and the
great buffalo herds return. In the
painting, Arapaho figures wear buckskin
garments with long, flowing fringes,
ghost shirts supposed to be impervious
to bullets. They cast dust into the wind
to signify the burial of the whites
beneath the earth.
The movement greatly alarmed the
authorities. Trouble came to a head on
December 29, 1890. The Seventh Cavalry,
still keen upon vengeance for Custer,
massacred almost a hundred and fifty
men, women, and children at Wounded
Knee Creek, losing twenty five of their
own.
9. In what ways did the Dawes Act try to force
Native Americans to assimilate?
• Many well-meaning reformers wanted Native
Americans to be assimilated into society by
“Americanizing” them or making them like whites
• The Dawes Act was intended to encourage
Native Americans to give up their traditional
ways and become farmers
• Reservations were divided into plots for each
family and sent children to special boarding
schools where they were taught white culture
10. What were the affects of the Dawes Act on Native
Americans?
It did little to benefit Native Americans. Not all of them
wanted to be farmers. Those who did lacked tools,
training, and money to be successful. Over time, many
sold their land for a fraction of its cost.
Life in the West
Section 3 Objectives
• To describe the challenges and
opportunities for women in the West
• To analyze the reasons for the growth of
western cities
• To explain how Mexicans were affected by
American settlement
• To identify myths about the Old West
1. What were challenges of pioneer life for women
in the West?
• Loneliness was a constant problem as they
rarely saw their neighbors
• They had problems with the wind and cold and
taking care of everyone’s needs
2. What legal rights did women in the West gain
first?
• Women could own property
• They could control their own money
• They were given the right to vote
3. What factors led to the rapid growth of western
cities?
• Gold and silver strikes created instant cities of
places like Denver and San Francisco
• The railroad also called cities to grow around
them
Denver was a sleepy little
town, nestled along the Front
Range of the Rocky Mountains
in the mid 1800’s until gold was
discovered near Pikes Peak in
1859. Soon, it became the capital
of the state of Colorado. In 1860
its population was 2,603. by 1890
It was 106,713.
4. How did the railroad affect the population of
western cities?
The railroad caused rapid growth of cities as towns
like Omaha, NB, flourished as a meat processing
center for cattle ranches. Portland, OR, became a
regional market for fish, grain, and lumber.
5. What attracted English-speaking settlers to the
Southwest?
In the 1840’s, the annexation of Texas and Mexico’s
defeat in the Mexican War brought much of the
Southwest under the control of the United States,
bringing English-speaking white settlers who wanted
to ranch, farm, and mine. Their numbers grew in the
1880’s and 1890’s.
6. How did Anglo-American settlement
affect Mexicans and people of Spanish
descent living in the Southwest?
As American settlers crowded into the SW,
the Mexicanos lost economic and political
power. Many also lost land.
7. What were some myths about the American
West?
The American West was portrayed as a larger-thanlife place where brave men and women tested
themselves against hazards of all kinds and won.
Native Americans were often portrayed as villians.
8. How were the myths spread?
People read exaggerated accounts of real-life
incidents in “dime novels” or more serious accounts in
novels that portrayed white settlers as the heroes and
Native Americans as the villains.
9. How was the real West different from the
mythical West?
The myth of the West overlooked the contributions of
many peoples. People of Mexican, African American,
and Native Americans played a key role in the shaping
the real West. The Chinese played an important role in
building the railroad. The government also contributed
greatly to the settlement of the West by building
railroads and opening up land for settlement.
Farming and Populism
1. How did the federal government encourage
western settlement?
• Homestead Act passed in 1862
• Offered 160 acres of western land free to
anyone who would live on it and improve it for 5
years
2. What attracted African Americans and
Europeans immigrants to the West?
• African Americans who settled in Kansas called
themselves Exodusters were looking to escape
the discrimination of the South (50,000 settled in
Kansas, Missouri, Indiana, and Illinois)
• Thousands of Europeans sought new lives and
the chance to own their own land
Thousands of African Americans called
Exodusters migrated to the Great Plains
In search of new opportunities and free land.
Word was spread in many different ways
about the opportunity.
Life on the Farming Frontier
•
•
•
•
•
Pioneers faced many challenges
Treeless plains
Build homes out of sod (Sodbusters)
Burned “cow chips” for fuel
Blizzards, prairie fires, hailstorms,
tornadoes, grasshoppers, and drought
added to their misery
3. How did new inventions help farmers meet
the challenges of the plain?
A steel plow invented by John Deere in 1838
sliced through the tough sod. Windmills pumped
water from deep wells to the surface. Barbed wire
allowed farmers to fence in land and livestock.
Reapers made the harvesting of crops much
easier, and threshers helped farmers to separate
grain or seed from straw.
4. What financial problems did farmers in the
West and South face in the 1870’s?
Prices for crops dropped dramatically as farmers
overproduced more and more food. Wheat that
was $1.45 a bushel was 49 cents thirty years later.
It also cost more and more to run their farms
because of the cost of new machinery, and
railroad rates to carry crops to market were high as
well as the fees to store their grain in elevators
owned by the railroad companies.
THE GRANGE AND THE
RAILROADS
GRANGERS PUT A
STOP TO RAILROAD
CORRUPTION
• Farmers were especially
affected by corruption in
the railroad industry
• Grangers (a farmers
organization) protested
land deals, price fixing,
and charging different
rates to different
customers
• Granger Laws were then
passed protecting
farmers
• States were given
regulation control of
railroads by the Courts
5. How did state and local government respond to
farmers’ demands for help?
Farmers demanded action from the government to
change their circumstances in regulating freight
rates and storage charges. IL, MN, WI, and IA all
passed laws regulating the railroad industry. In
1877 the Supreme Court backed farmers when it
ruled that states and federal government could
regulate the railroads because they were a
business that served the public interest.
6. Why did Populists favor a free silver policy?
The Populist, or People’s Party, wanted a free
silver party or unlimited coining of silver because it
was plentiful and would put more money into
circulation which would cause inflation, resulting in
higher prices for their crops which would help
farmers pay back the money they had borrowed to
improve their farms.
7. What were the arguments for and against free
silver?
Opponents of free silver wanted to keep the gold
standard because the government backs every
dollar with a certain amount of gold. Because the
gold supply is limited, fewer dollars are in
circulation, making inflation less likely which
protects the value of money by keeping prices
down.
8. Who were the candidates in the election of
1896? What were campaign positions of each
candidate?
• Money matters were top issues
• Country had suffered through depression
following the Panic of 1893
• Republican William McKinley defeated Democrat
William Jennings Bryan
• Jennings and the Democrats ran on a “free
silver” platform
• McKinley and the Republicans favored the gold
standard and were backed by industrialists,
bankers, and other business leaders
9. What events symbolized the closing of the
frontier?
• By the late 1880’s, fenced-in fields had replaced
open plains. The Oklahoma land rush of 1889
symbolized the closing of the frontier as settlers
flocked to claim land that had once belonged to
Native Americans. By 1890, the federal
government announced that the frontier no
longer existed.
In 1889 the United State government opened
Up 2 million acres of land in Oklahoma for
Settlement. Some arrived early and hid and
claimed land ahead of time. They became
known as “Sooners.”
10. Why do historians today question Turner’s
opinions about the importance of the frontier to
American Life?
Historians believe Turner gave too much
importance to the frontier in the nation’s
development and in shaping a special American
character. These historian point out that the United
States remains a land of opportunity long after the
frontier’s closing.