Transcript REPRODUCTIVE DISEASES - Dr. Brahmbhatt's Class Handouts

FRIENDSHIP
“Friendship is like peeing on
yourself: Everyone can see it, but
only you get the warm feeling
that it brings.”
PREGNANCY AND BIRTH
PREGNANCY
• PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS:
– Palpation (~days 21-30): ‘walnuts’
– Hormone assay
– Ultrasonography: 18-20
days past the LH peak
– Radiography (~day 45 after
LH peak)
distinct gestational sacs
average 1.5-3.5 cm between days 28-32 of
pregnancy
PREGNANCY
buy 16-40 tests
(depending on how many
you run at once) for $240
(one year shelf life).
If you only test dogs
occasionally, then the
price is pretty high.....how
about ultrasound.
Witness Relaxin
5 Tests/box
Room temperature
storage
10 minute running
time
Cost $78/5 tests
Ultrasound
•
•
•
•
•
25 days
49
55
Optimum: 33 – 45 days
200 beats/min
Pregnancy-related event
Number of days after ovulation
Number of days after fertile mating
Onset of estrus
-6 to +3
First of multiple matings
-7 to +5
-12 to 0
Fertile mating
-5 to +5
0
Ovulation
0
-5 to +5
Fertilization
2 to 5
0 to 7
Vaginal cornification reduced
5 to 7
0 to 12
Embryo attachment to uterus
14 to 16
9 to 21
Vesicles visible with ultrasound
15 to 17
10 to 22
Palpable 1 centimeter swellings
20 to 22
15 to 27
Fetal heartbeat visible (ultrasound)
22 to 23
17 to 28
Uterine swelling visible on X-ray
28 to 30
23 to 35
Palpability of swellings reduced
30 to 32
25 to 37
Earliest X-ray pregnancy diagnosis
43 to 45
39 to 50
Fetal pelvis visible on X-ray
51 to 55
46 to 60
Fetal teeth visible on X-ray
56 to 61
51 to 66
Whelping
62 to 64
57 to 69
Pregnant?
PREGNANCY: RADIOGRAPHS
PREGNANCY:RADIOGRAPHS
http://www.dogbreedinfo.com/whelpingphotos.htm
PREGNANCY
• GESTATION: the period of pregnancy
– DOGS: 59-68
– CATS: 56-69
• THREE STAGES OF LABOR:
– 1ST:uterine contractions
– 2nd:delivery of the newborn
– 3rd:delivery of the placenta
• Typically, newborns and placentas are delivered
alternately
PREGNANCY
• SIGNS OF IMPENDING PARTUITION:
– Nesting behavior:12-24 hours before
– Inappetance
– Panting, shivering
– Drop in rectal temperature ~24-48 hours before
partuition (caused by abrupt decrease in progesterone):
<98°
PREGNANCY
• LABOR, STAGE I: intermittent uterine
contractions with no sign of abdominal
straining
– Restlessness, panting, nesting may continue
through stage I
– Cervix dilates
STAGE I
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hd8Bo1qc54
A&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ptc6RMBiiPw&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sN0W_ePUsUc&NR=1
PREGNANCY
• LABOR, STAGE II: delivery of the newborn
– Rectal temp begins to rise to normal or slightly above
– Passing of fetal fluids
– Expulsive uterine contractions accompanied by abdominal
contractions (3-6 hours but, may be as long as 24 hours
total)
• 1st fetus usually delivered within 4 hours
• Bitch will break the amniotic membrane, lick the neonate intensely,
and sever the umbilical cord
• 20 minutes to 1 hour per puppy but, no more than 2 hours should
elapse between each puppy born.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zvkf0VDUv6c
PREGNANCY
• LABOR, STAGE II: WARNING
SIGNS
– The bitch should be examined by a vet for the
following reasons:
• Greenish discharge, but no pup is born within 2-4 hrs
• Fetal fluid passed more than 2-3 hrs previously, but nothing
more has happened
• If she has had weak, irregular straining for more than 2-4
hours
• If she has had strong, regular straining for more than 20-30
minutes, but no pup born
• More than 2-4 hours have passed since the birth of the last
puppy and more remain
• If she has been in stage II for more than 12 hours
PREGNANCY
• LABOR, STAGE II
– Interval between births
• Usually 5-120 minutes
– Partuition should never be allowed to last more
than 24 hours
PREGNANCY
• LABOR, STAGE III: expulsion of the placenta
– pup-placenta-pup-placenta or pup-pup-placenta-placenta
– Usually follows within 15 minutes of each fetus
– Bitch may eat the placentas, but sometimes can be
associated with vomiting and diarrhea
– Lochia – greenish postpartum discharge of fetal fluids and
placental remains will be seen for up to 3 weeks or more
PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS
PREGNANCY
• DYSTOCIA: Difficult birth or the inability to
expel the fetus through the birth canal without
assistance
– Causes:
• Abnormal fetal position or size
• Uterine inertia
• Narrowed birth canal
– Diagnosis:
• Digital palpation of vagina
• Radiographs
• ultrasound
PREGNANCY: DYSTOCIA
• TREATMENT:
– Manual manipulation: a fetus lodged in the vaginal
canal can be manually dislodged.
– For uterine inertia: oxytocin injections result in
contraction of the uterine muscles; also, calcium
preparations can be given
– C-section
PREGNANCY: INAPPROPRIATE
MATERNAL BEHAVIOR
• DAM SHOULD:
– Allow nursing
– Grooming
• Stimulate CV,RS function
• Stimulates elimination and removal of waste material
– retrieving
– Protecting
• DAM SHOULD NOT:
– Attack, kill, or cannibalize her young
– Be overly protective, restless, or aggressive
PREGNANCY: LACTATION DISORDERS
• Agalactia: lack of milk production
– Causes include;
• Stress, malnutrition, premature partuition, or infection
• Galactostasis: milk stasis, which can result in
mastitis
• Mastitis: a septic inflammation of the mammary
gland
– Clinical signs:
• Pain, discolored milk, fever, reluctance to allow nursing, abscessed
glands
PREGNANCY: LACTATION DISORDERS
• Treatment for mastitis:
– Antibiotics
– Warm compresses
– Do not allow nursing from affected glands
OTHER REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS:
• PYOMETRA: Literally “pus in the
uterus”
– High levels of progesterone cause several
changes in the uterus:
• hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the endometrial
glands of the uterus
• Decreased myometrial contractions
• Predisoposes the uterus to bacterial infection
– Most common bacteria isolated is E.coli
PYOMETRA
• CLINICAL SIGNS:
–
–
–
–
–
Vulvar discharge
Vomiting
Dehydration
PU/PD
Azotemia
• DIAGNOSIS:
– Radiology
– Ultrasound
– Bloodwork
• Ieukocytosis, neutrophilia with a left shift (closed
pyometra)
PYOMETRA
This is a potentially life-threatening condition
PYOMETRA
An open pyometra is when the
Cervix is open and allows drainage
Of the pus
Preferred treatment is ovariohysterectomy
As well as antibiotics and fluid therapy
PYOMETRA IN A RAT
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VAGINITIS
• Definition: an inflammatory process, not
necessarily infectious.
Prepuberal bitch (aka puppy vaginitis)
VS.
Adult vaginitis
VAGINITIS
• PUPPY VAGINITIS
– Causes:
• Inverted vulva
• Hormonal fluctuations
– Clinical signs:
• Purulent vulvar discharge
• +/- licking the vulva
– Treatments:
• systemic antibiotics
• topical douching
– Signs will return when treatment is discontinued
– Condition resolves naturally after the first heat cycle
VAGINITIS
Inverted vulva
VAGINITIS
• ADULT VAGINITIS
– Causes:
• Anatomical abnormalities
• Canine herpesvirus
– Clinical signs:
•
•
•
•
purulent vulvar discharge
+/- licking the vulva
peri-vulvar skin irritation or infection
Perceived urinary incontinence
VAGINAL HYPERPLASIA/PROLAPSE
• Hyperplasia/prolapse
– Occurs under the influence of estrogen
• Results in edematous vaginal tissue that protrudes from
the vulva
• Treatment:
– Ovariohysterectomy resolves the condition
permanently and is the tx of choice
– Will usually resolve spontaneously but will recur
with subsequent estrous cycles
VAGINAL HYPERPLASIA/PROLAPSE
MAMMARY TUMORS
• Usually tumors of older intact females
– ~50% of all tumors in female dogs
– 3rd most common tumor in cats
• Risk dramatically reduces with
ovariohysterectomy (<1% if spayed before 1st
heat)
• 50% of canine tumors are benign
– Only 10-20% of feline tumors are benign
MAMMARY TUMORS
Malignant tumors are usually fast growing,
Invasive and ulcerated. Benign tumors are
Often small and feel like a pea.
Surgical removal is advised for all
Mammary tumors. Biopsy is required
To differentiate benign from malignant
tumors
OVARIOHYSTERECTOMY
• Surgical removal of the ovaries and uterus
http://www.lbah.com/canine/spay.html
References
• Alleice Summers, Common Diseases of
Companion Animals
• http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/clerk/Beimborn/in
dex.php
• http://veterinarycalendar.dvm360.com/avhc/art
icle/articleDetail.jsp?id=727396&pageID=1&s
k=&date=
• http://www.vetmed.lsu.edu/eiltslotus/Therioge
nology-5361/the_normal_canine.htm
References
• http://extension.missouri.edu/p/G9923