Transcript Document

Aboriginal Demographics and Well-Being
January 2013
Aboriginal demographics and well-being
 Aboriginal demographics and well-being are two of several drivers for
policy development.
 This presentation is an introduction to the demographic and wellbeing trends of Aboriginal populations and communities.
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1. Aboriginal Demography
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Three Aboriginal groups, but many other distinctions
Section 35 of the Constitution Act,
1982 recognizes three groups of
Aboriginal people: Indians (First
Nations), Métis and Inuit.
The experience of each group has
been unique, based on history,
heritage, languages, cultural
practices and beliefs, as well as
distinct needs and aspirations
regarding their place in Canada.
There are additional distinctions
between and within each of these
groups, based on residency,
treaties, culture and identity.
Indians
(First
Nations)
Status (Registered Indians) Persons
Indians eligible to be registered under the
Indian Act
Non- Persons who self-identify as Indian
Status but are not eligible to be registered
Indians under the Indian Act
Métis
Persons who, in addition to their
mixed ancestry, developed their
own customs, and recognizable
group identity separate from their
Indian or Inuit and European
forebears. (Powley decision)
Inuit
Persons whose ancestry traces
back to the original inhabitants of
Arctic Canada
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A small and diverse population
Aboriginal population
surpassed the one-million
mark in 2006, up from
976,305 in 2001.
Aboriginal people accounted
for 3.8% of the total
population of Canada
enumerated in the 2006
census, up from 3.3% in
2001.
The size of the Aboriginal population
was 1,172,790 in 2006
Non-status
Indian
(133,155)
11,4%
Other
Aboriginal * Inuit
(11,235) (49,115)
0,9%
4,2%
Métis (355,505)
30,3%
Registered
Indian
(623,780)
53,2%
Note:
* Other Aboriginal
refers to respondents
who reported more than
one identity group, and
those who reported
being a Band member
with no Aboriginal
identity and no
Registered Indian
status.
Source: Statistics
Canada, 2006 Census
of Population, AANDC
tabulations.
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A very young population
Age Pyramid, 2006
The Aboriginal population is
much younger than the nonAboriginal population.
The median age of the
Aboriginal population was 27
years old, compared with 40
years old for non-Aboriginal
people.
Age
In 2006, 48% of the Aboriginal
population was under the age
of 25, compared with 31% of
the non-Aboriginal population.
Male
Female
80+
75-79
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
0-4
6%
4%
2%
0%
Aboriginal Population
2%
4%
6%
Other Canadians
Source: Statistics Canada, 2006 Census of Population, AANDC tabulations.
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A fast-growing population
The Aboriginal population grew six
times faster than the non-Aboriginal
population (47% vs 8%) between 1996
and 2006.
Nationally, the growth of the Aboriginal
population was more rapid off reserve,
particularly in cities.
Fertility alone cannot explain this
Aboriginal population explosion. About
40% of Métis and 10% of First Nations
enumerated in 2006 did not selfidentify as such in 1996.
Percent Variation in Population Size, 1996-2006
80%
Aboriginal
70%
59%
60%
50%
Non-Aboriginal
52%
47%
40%
30%
24%
20%
10%
12%
8%
-4%
0%
-10%
Total
On-reserve
Off-reserve
rural
Off-reserve
urban
Source: Statistics Canada, 1996 and 2006 Censuses of Population, AANDC tabulations.
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No mass exodus from reserves to cities
Contrary to popular belief, there is
no mass exodus from Indian
reserves to cities. Both the onreserve and the urban population
are growing.
While Aboriginal populations are
highly mobile and move back and
forth from and to cities (churn) and
within cities, the recent Aboriginal
population explosion in cities is in
large part attributable to changes
in self-reporting of cultural
affiliation over time.
Net Migration of Registered Indians
1996-2001 and 2001-2006
Place of
Residence
1996-2001
2001-2006
On Reserve
+ 10,770
+ 10,075
Off Reserve
Rural
- 7,665
- 13,785
Off Reserve
Urban
- 3,105
+ 4,710
Source: Statistics Canada, 1996 to 2006 Censuses of Population, AANDC tabulations.
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A growing urban population,
but variation between groups
The Aboriginal population is
increasingly urban (54% in 2006).
There is great variation between
groups:
• About half of Registered Indians
lived on-reserve in 2006.
• Majority of Non-status Indians
and Métis lived in urban areas.
• Inuit lived predominantly in
northern rural communities,
though urban Inuit population
has increased.
Distribution across Community Type, 2006
100%
80%
37%
41%
74%
60%
69%
81%
11%
40%
63%
20%
48%
22%
30%
19%
0%
Registered Non-Status
Indian
Indian
On Reserve
Métis
Off Reserve / Rural
Inuit
NonAboriginal
Off Reserve / Urban
Note: Urban areas have population of at least 1,000 and no fewer than 400
persons per square kilometre.
Source: Statistics Canada, 2006 Census of Population, AANDC tabulations.
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Regional variations in the proportion of the population
24,915
85.0%
7,580
25.1%
Aboriginal Population
2006 Census = 1,172,790
Aboriginal percentage of
Provincial/Territorial population
20,635
50.3%
Non-Aboriginal population
23,450
4.7%
196,075
4.8%
(11.50%)
188,365 141,890
(88.50%)
175,395
5.8%
14.9%
15.5%
Source: Statistics Canada, 2006 Census of Population, AANDC tabulations.
1,730
1.3%
242,490
2.0%
24,170
108,430 17,650 2.7%
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1.5% 2.5%
Majority of communities are small
With respect to communities located
within Inuit Nunangat (Nunatsiavut,
Nunavik, Nunavut and Inuvialuit),
36% of Inuit communities (18 of 50)
have a population of fewer than 500
habitants, while five communities have
a population over 2000.
First Nations Reserve by Population Size, 2006
350
319
There are 642
reserves with fewer
than 500 inhabitants.
300
Number of Reserves (N)
According to the 2006 Census,
75% of First Nations reserves have
fewer than 500 inhabitants. About
half of First Nation reserves (52%) with
fewer than 500 inhabitants are located
in British Columbia.
250
200
173
150
150
135
100
67
50
21
0
Under 100 100-249
250-499
500-999 1000-1999
2000+
Population Size
Note: N=865 out of a possible 1,176 First Nation Reserves
delineated by Statistics Canada in 2006. Not included are
unpopulated reserves and reserves that have data quality
issues for which population counts are not available.
Source: Statistics Canada, Geosuite 2006.
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2. Aboriginal Well-Being
Introducing the Community Well-Being Index
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Community Well-Being Index (CWB)
A Brief Description
 The Community Well-Being (CWB) Index was developed
to help measure the quality of life of First Nations and Inuit
communities in Canada relative to other communities and over time.
 This tool uses Statistics Canada’s Census of Population data to
produce ‘well-being’ scores for individual communities based on four
indicators:
– Education (High School Plus; University);
– Labour Force (Participation, Employment);
– Income (Total per Capita); and,
– Housing (Quantity: defined on the basis of overcrowding, Quality:
defined based on the need for major repairs).
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Community Well-Being Index (CWB)
Average CWB Scores, 1981-2006
Since 2001, there has been
little or no increase in the CWB
of First Nation and Inuit
communities while other
Canadian communities have
experienced increases in CWB.
100
First Nations
Inuit Communities
90
Other Canadian Communities
77
80
71
CWB Index
From 1981 to 1996, the CWB
indicates significant progress in
First Nation and Inuit
communities, resulting in the
reduction of the well-being gap
relative to other Canadian
communities.
70
73
60
61
62
57
57
2001
2006
67
57
60
50
72
48
55
51
47
40
30
1981
1986
1991
1996
Year
Source: Statistics Canada, 1981 to 2006 Census of Population, AANDC tabulations.
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Community Well-Being Index (CWB)
Average CWB Scores by Region, 2006
First Nations
80
80
82
80
79
77
76
76
73
70
66
64
60
62
60
60
49
50
Highest scores are found in the
Atlantic region and the North.
Other Canadian Communities
90
CWB Index
In 2006, First Nation
communities showing the
lowest CWB scores were
located in the Prairies, where
the largest segment of the
Aboriginal population an the
highest proportion of the
population is located.
100
49
51
40
30
Atlantic
QC
ON
MB
SK
AB
BC Territories
Source: Statistics Canada, 2006 Census of Population, AANDC tabulations.
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Community Well-Being Index (CWB)
Average CWB Scores by Region, 2006
First Nations Communities
Inuit Communities
90
Other Canadian Communities
80
82
76
73
CWB Index
Well-being of Inuit and First
Nations communities is
comparable in Quebec and in
the Atlantic region but slightly
lower for Inuit in the Territories.
100
70
64
66
66
60
60
62
59
50
40
30
Atlantic
QC
Territories
Source: Statistics Canada, 2006 Census of Population, AANDC tabulations.
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Community Well-Being Index (CWB)
Education Component Score, 1981-2006
70
Educational attainment has been
increasing since 1981, but more
rapidly in other Canadian
Communities since 2001.
Inuit Communities
60
Other Canadian Communities
49
50
Education Score
The large jump in "High School
Plus" in other Canadian
Communities may in part be
attributed to how education data
were collected and/or processed
in 2006.
First Nations
41
40
32
34
28
30
33
30
20
10
16
14
0
1981
1986
1991
1996
2001
2006
Year
Source: Statistics Canada, 2006 Census of Population, AANDC tabulations.
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Community Well-Being Index (CWB)
Labour Force Component Score, 1981-2006
100
90
80
Labour Force Score
Labour force activity increased in
all types of Canadian
communities since 1981 at
almost the same pace.
83
84
78
77
70
71
80
70
60
72
67
50
First Nations
Inuit Communities
40
Other Canadian Communities
30
1981
1986
1991
1996
2001
2006
Year
Source: Statistics Canada, 2006 Census of Population, AANDC tabulations.
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Community Well-Being Index (CWB)
Income Component Score, 1981-2006
100
Generally, income has been
increasing since 1981 at a similar
pace for First Nations and Other
Canadian communities.
Inuit Communities
90
Other Canadian Communities
80
77
80
Income Score
Recent increases in Inuit
communities occurred at a faster
rate.
First Nations
69
70
70
60
64
50
55
55
2001
2006
48
40
43
30
1981
1986
1991
1996
Year
Source: Statistics Canada, 2006 Census of Population, AANDC tabulations.
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Community Well-Being Index (CWB)
Housing Component Score, 1981-2006
The housing score of other
Canadian communities has been
fairly stable since 1981.
100
The overall housing score of First
Nation and Inuit communities has
declined between 2001 and
2006, particularly in Inuit
communities.
80
93
91
94
Housing Score
90
72
70
70
71
63
66
60
56
50
First Nations
Inuit Communities
40
Other Canadian Communities
30
1981
1986
1991
1996
2001
2006
Year
Source: Statistics Canada, 2006 Census of Population, AANDC tabulations.
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Community Well-Being Index (CWB)
Housing Quality, 1981-2006
100
89
88
90
% not requiring major repair -
The Housing Quality element
of the CWB index has
decreased in First Nation and
Inuit communities, while
remaining stable in other
Canadian communities.
80
70
78
89
75
76
66
65
60
59
50
First Nations
Inuit Communities
40
Other Canadian Communities
30
1981
1986
1991
1996
2001
2006
Year
Source: Statistics Canada, 2006 Census of Population, AANDC tabulations.
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Community Well-Being Index (CWB)
Range of CWB Score in 2006
Between 2001 and 2006, about a third of
Aboriginal communities experienced a
decline in their CWB index scores,
compared to 10% of other Canadian
communities.
90
Range of CWB Score in 2006
(Excluding outliers)
High
87
80
CWB Score
Only one First Nation community ranked
among the “top 100” Canadian
communities.
100
High
81
High
77
70
60
In 2006, among the “bottom 100” Canadian
communities, 96 were First Nations and
one was Inuit.
50
The level of disparity observed across
Aboriginal communities is significantly
greater than that observed across other
Canadian communities.
30
Low
64
Low
48
40
Low
39
Other Canadian Communities (Avg CWB = 77)
Inuit Communities (Avg CWB = 62)
First Nation Communities (Avg CWB = 57)
Source: Statistics Canada, 2006 Census of Population, AANDC tabulations.
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