Transcript No Slide Title

Section 1
Growing Tensions
Between North and South
Disagreements between the North and the
South, especially over the issue of slavery,
led to political conflict.
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Growing Tensions Between
North and South
North and South Take Different Paths
• In the North, industrial growth leads to rapid
growth of cities
• Immigrants are large part of northern
population
• Many immigrants, Easterners move to
Northwest Territory
• South controlled by a few wealthy planters
• Make profit from slave labor, trade; South
develops little industry
A working cotton plantation, as
depicted (1883) by W. A. Walker.
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Antislavery and Racism
• Many Northerners are against slavery
• Includes abolitionists, free workers who fear
loss of jobs to slaves
• Most Northerners refuse to associate with
African Americans
• Many Southerners determined to defend
slavery
• Claim white people superior, slaves are
provided with food, clothes
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The Wilmot Proviso
• Wilmot Proviso—outlaws slavery in area U.S.
gets from war with Mexico
• U.S. Constitution protects property rights
• Southerners view slaves as property, Wilmot
Proviso unconstitutional
• Southerners prevent Wilmot Proviso from
passing the Senate
• Proviso leads to creation of political party
called Free-Soil Party:
- wants to stop the expansion of slavery
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Controversy over Territories
• President Zachary Taylor proposes California
apply for statehood
• Adding a free state would tip balance of power
in favor of the North
• South: divide California into 2 sections: free
north, slave south
• President Taylor proposes a strategy for
California (1849)
• Apply for statehood without going through
territory stage
• California applies to be admitted as a free
state (1850)
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The Compromise of 1850
• Senator Henry Clay proposes the
Compromise of 1850
• Admit California as a free state, abolish slavery
in Washington D.C.
• No laws would abolish slavery in territories
won from Mexico
• Pass stronger laws to help slaveholders
recapture runaway slaves
• Senator Stephen A. Douglas succeeds in
winning passage of plan
• Compromise of 1850 becomes law, sectional
tensions continue to rise
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Section 2
The Crisis Deepens
Turmoil over slavery led to acts of violence.
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The Crisis Deepens
The Fugitive Slave Act
• Fugitive Slave Act helps slaveholders
recapture runaway slaves
• Fugitives can be held without arrest warrant,
no right to jury trial
• Southerners feel the act justified, slaves
considered property
• Northerners resent the act because it requires
them to support slavery
• Face moral choice, support law, slavery or
The Fugitive Slave Act being enforced.
oppose law, slavery
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Uncle Tom’s Cabin
• Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes book,
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)
• Expresses moral issues about slavery
• Stowe’s book is popular in North
• Southerners feel book falsely criticizes the
South, slavery
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The Kansas-Nebraska Act
• Stephen A. Douglas drafts bill for governing
the Nebraska Territory
• Divides territory into two territories: Nebraska,
Kansas
• Slavery issue to be decided by residents’
vote—popular sovereignty
• Allows vote for slavery in area where Missouri
Compromise banned it
• South supports bill, becomes law known as
Kansas-Nebraska Act
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“Bleeding Kansas”
• Proslavery, antislavery settlers rush into
Kansas Territory
• Want vote for territorial legislation in the
election of March, 1855
• At time of election, more proslavery than antislavery settlers
• 5,000 proslavery Missourians vote in election
illegally
• Kansas legislature packed with proslavery
representatives
Continued . . .
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Continued
“Bleeding Kansas”
• Antislavery settlers boycott official government,
form own government
• Proslavery mob attacks Lawrence, Kansas,
destroys:
- antislavery offices
- house of antislavery governor
• Attack known as Sack of Lawrence
• Abolitionist John Brown retaliates by
The sacking of the Free Soil capital
murdering 5 proslavery people
of Lawrence, Kansas, by proslavery
men on May 21, 1856 (19th century).
• Attack known as Pottawatomie Massacre
• Civil war breaks out in Kansas, territory called
“Bleeding Kansas”
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Violence in Congress
• Senator Charles Sumner’s speech attacks
proslavery forces in Kansas
• Speech makes fun of A. P. Butler, senator from
South Carolina
• A relative of Butler, Preston Brooks, attacks
Sumner in the Senate
• Southerners cheer Brooks’s defense of the
South
• Northerners shocked at the violence in the
Senate
Representative Preston S. Brooks
assaulting Charles Sumner in the Senate
Chamber on May 22, 1856 (19th century).
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Section 3
Slavery Dominates
Politics
Disagreements over slavery lead to the
formation of the Republican Party and
heightened sectional tensions.
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Slavery Dominates Politics
The Republican Party Forms
• Whig party splits over slavery, Northern Whigs
form Republican Party
• Republicans join with other opponents of
slavery, gain strength in North
• Nominate John C. Frémont as their
presidential candidate (1856)
An 1856 campaign poster of John Charles Frémont and
William L. Dayton as presidential and vice-presidential
candidates of the new Republican party.
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The Election of 1856
• Democrats nominate James Buchanan to run
for the U.S. presidency
• Buchanan wants to maintain the Union,
appeals to Southerners
• American, or Know-Nothing Party, nominates
Millard Fillmore
• In North, presidential race is Buchanan against
Frémont
• In South, race is Buchanan against Fillmore
• Buchanan wins election, but Frémont wins 11
Northern states
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The Case of Dred Scott
• Dred Scott is a slave in Missouri
• Owner takes Scott to territory where slavery is
illegal
• Owner, Scott return to Missouri, owner dies,
Scott sues for freedom
• Argues he is a free man, he lived in region
where slavery is illegal
• His case, Dred Scott v. Sandford, reaches
Supreme Court (1856)
Dred Scott, American slave. Portrait,
after a photograph (about 1858).
Continued . . .
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Continued The
Case of Dred Scott
• Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, Supreme Court
rule against Scott stating:
- Scott is not a U.S. citizen, cannot sue in
U.S. courts
- is bound by Missouri’s slave code because
he lived in Missouri
• Taney argues that Congress cannot ban
slavery in the territories
• Southerners cheer Court’s decision,
Northerners are outraged
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Lincoln and Douglas Debate
• Republicans charge Democrats want to
legalize slavery in all of U.S.
• Use charge, attack Stephen A. Douglas,
sponsor of Kansas-Nebraska Act
• Illinois Republicans nominate Abraham
Lincoln for U.S. Senate (1858)
Abraham Lincoln (1858).
Continued . . .
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Continued
Lincoln and Douglas Debate
• Lincoln challenges Douglas for U.S. Senate,
hold formal debates
• Lincoln argues U.S. government should
prevent expansion of slavery
• Douglas argues popular sovereignty should
decide slavery issue
• Douglas wins reelection, Lincoln becomes a
national figure
Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas
debating the issue of slavery in the 1858
Senate campaign in Illinois.
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John Brown Attacks Harpers Ferry
• John Brown, followers capture U.S. arsenal at
Harpers Ferry, Virginia
• Brown sends out word to rally, arm local slaves
• No slaves join fight, U.S. Marines capture
Brown, 6 others
• Brown is tried for murder, treason and is hung
• Many Northerners, abolitionists salute Brown
as a hero
• Southerners outraged by Northern reactions to
Brown’s death
John Brown stands over the bodies of Civil War soldiers.
The Tragic Prelude (1937–1942), John S. Curry.
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Section 4
Lincoln’s Election and
Southern Secession
The election of Lincoln leads the Southern
states to secede from the Union.
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Lincoln’s Election and
Southern Secession
Political Parties Splinter
• Northern, Southern Democrats disagree about
slavery in party’s platform
• Platform—statement of beliefs
• Southern Democrats want platform to defend
slavery
• Northern Democrats want platform to support
popular sovereignty
• Northerners win platform, 50 Southerners walk
out of convention
Continued . . .
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Continued Political
Parties Splinter
• Northern democrats nominate Stephen A.
Douglas for president
• Southern democrats nominate John
Breckinridge
• Republicans nominate Abraham Lincoln
• Constitutional Union Party nominates John Bell
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The Election of 1860
• 1860 election turns into 2 races: one in the
North, other in the South
• Abraham Lincoln defeats Stephen A. Douglas
in the North
• John Breckinridge defeats John Bell in the
South
• Lincoln receives the most electoral, popular
votes, wins election
• Southerners view Republican victory as a
threat to their way of life
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Southern States Secede
• South Carolina secedes—withdraws from the
Union (1860)
• 6 more Southern states soon join South
Carolina in secession
• Form the Confederate States of America
(1861)
• Name Jefferson Davis president of the
Confederacy
• Draft Confederate Constitution which:
- supports states’ rights
- protects slavery in Confederacy, territories it
might acquire
Jefferson Davis, president of the Confederate
States of America (c. 1860), Mathew Brady studio.
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The Union Responds to Secession
• Northerners consider secession of Southern
states unconstitutional
• President James Buchanan believes states do
not have right to secede
• South claims North will use their majority to
abolish slavery
• North claims South does not want to live by the
rules of democracy
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Efforts to Compromise Fail
• Senator John J. Crittenden develops
compromise, the Crittenden Plan
• Plan does not pass; Abraham Lincoln is
inaugurated (March 4, 1861)
• Lincoln is against secession but does not want
to invade the South
• Union forts in South, including Fort Sumter,
need to be resupplied
Inauguration (March 4, 1861) of Abraham Lincoln as
16th president of the United States, on steps of
unfinished Capitol building in Washington, D.C.
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