Transcript GCSE Physical Education.

GCSE Physical Education.
Student Revision Presentations.
AQA Specification A
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Instructions.
This disc contains information slides on all the major topics that you
will be examined on for AQA GCSE PE. (Specification A)
It can be used for:
• Revision.
• Homework.
• Coursework.
How to use it:
• Either browse through each slide, using the direction arrows on your
keyboard, if you want to view the whole course.
• Use the action buttons labelled with the topic titles on the contents
slide to move directly to the required topic lead slide. Then use the
action buttons on this slide to take you to the specific area you require.
• Each slide has a home button that will take you back to the lead slide
in that topic area.
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Contents.
Body Systems
Movement
Health
Technology & PE
Training
Fitness
Drugs
Social & Cultural Factors Affecting Participation
Factors Affecting Performance & Participation
Sample Exam Question Answers
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Body Systems
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Circulatory System
Respiratory System
Energy Systems
Nervous System
Sample exam questions
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Skeletal System
The skeletal system has six main functions:
• Support
• Protection
• Blood production
• Provides shape.
• Point of muscular attachment.
• Allows movement.
The skeletal system is held together by Ligaments.
The skeletal system is made up of four different categories of bones.
These are:
• Long bones.
E.g. Femur (Blood production / support)
• Short bones.
E.g. Carpals (Movement)
• Flat bones.
E.g. Scapula (Protection)
• Irregular bones.
E.g. Vertebrae (Muscular attachment)
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Muscular System
The muscular system is made up of many different muscles.
Muscles can be classified into three categories:
• Voluntary
• Involuntary
• Cardiac
(e.g. Bicep, Tricep, Hamstring)
(e.g. Gut wall)
(The heart)
Muscular growth is called HYPERTROPHY
A reduction in muscular size is called ATROPHY
Key muscles to learn:
Deltoids, Pectorals, Latissimus Dorsi, Trapezius, Bicep, Tricep, Abdominals,
Gluteus Maximus, Hamstring, Quadricep, Gastrocnemius.
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Voluntary Muscle
Voluntary muscle is muscle under conscious control – this means that
we have to think to contract the muscle – a message is passed from
our brain via our nervous system.
Voluntary muscle links with the skeletal system to cause movement.
Voluntary muscle attaches to the skeletal system via tendons.
Tendons are strong connective tissue.
Examples
Deltoids, Pectorals, Latissimus Dorsi, Trapezius, Bicep, Tricep,
Abdominals, Gluteus Maximus, Hamstring, Quadricep, Gastrocnemius.
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Involuntary Muscle
Involuntary muscle works without us having
to think about it. It works automatically.
Involuntary muscle keeps our body
functioning as it should.
Examples:
Gut wall, blood vessels.
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Cardiac Muscle
Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart.
It is a form of involuntary muscle. It works without us
having to think about it.
Cardiac muscle (Heart) has to keep contracting to ensure
that blood continues to be pumped around the body so
that the circulatory system can deliver nutrients and take
away waste.
Most importantly it never tires!
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Voluntary Muscular Contraction
Voluntary muscles work by shortening or contracting.
Muscular contraction can be either:
Isometric – the muscle length does not change.
Isotonic – the muscle length changes.
If a muscle gets shorter under load (e.g. lifting a dumbell during a
bicep curl) this is called a concentric contraction.
If a muscle gets longer under load (e.g. lowering a dumbell during a
bicep curl) this is called an eccentric contraction.
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Circulatory System
Key Components:
Heart – Muscular pump that keeps blood moving around the body.
Arteries – Carry blood away from the heart.
Veins – Carry blood to the heart.
Capillaries – Single cell thick blood vessels allowing the transfer of nutrients / waste
from the blood stream to the working sites in the body.
Blood – Made up of:
Red Blood Cells – Carry OXYGEN to and CARBON DIOXIDE from the working sites.
White Blood Cells – Fight infection.
Platelets – Help blood clotting.
Plasma – Liquid that all other components of blood are in.
Function:
• To transport vital nutrients to the working sites in the body.
• To remove waste products from the working sites and deliver them to the correct
places for excretion from the body.
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Circulatory System
Key Information:
• Blood passes through the heart twice on a complete circuit of the body.
• As the blood travels around the body it can be felt at sites around the body. This is called a pulse.
• The pulse can be found in the neck (carotid), the wrist (radial) and the groin (femoral).
• Blood pressure is the force blood exerts on the internal walls of the blood vessels.
• Your maximum heart rate (mhr) can be worked out by 220 – your age.
• This allows your to work out thresholds of training – 60% mhr for aerobic work and 85% mhr for
anaerobic work.
Key terms:
Heart Rate – The number of times your heart beats per minute.
Resting Heart Rate – The number of times a person’s heart beats at rest.
Stroke Volume – The amount of blood pumped out of the heart each beat.
Cardiac Output – The amount of blood pumped out of the heart each minute.
(Heart Rate x Stroke Volume)
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Circulatory System
Effects of exercise on the circulatory system:
Short Term:
Heart rate rises, cardiac output increases, blood vessels close to the skin dilate (widen)
to allow heat generated by exercise to escape
Long Term:
Aerobic Training
• Heart gets bigger, stroke volume increases & resting heart rate drops.
• Blood pressure drops due to more elastic blood vessels.
• Increased number of red blood cells produced to help deliver 02 & remove CO2.
• Increased number of capillaries around muscles / alveoli to help blood to access
working sites.
Anaerobic Training
• Heart wall gets thicker to cope with sudden increase in blood pressure created by
anaerobic training.
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Respiratory System
Key Components:
Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, alveoli, diaphragm, intercostal muscles.
Function:
• To inhale oxygen and get it to the site of gas exchange (alveoli) allowing oxygen to the
pass into the circulatory system.
• To exhale carbon dioxide from the lungs after it has passed from the site of gas
exchange (alveoli) into which it passed from the circulatory system.
Effects of exercise on the respiratory system:
Short Term
Breathing rate increases. Vital capacity (depth) of breathing increases. Rate of gas
exchange increases.
Long Term
Gas exchange becomes more efficient. Vital capacity increases. Diaphragm and
intercostal muscles get stronger.
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Respiratory System
Key terms:
Breathing rate
Tidal Volume
Vital Capacity
Residual Volume
Minute Volume
Inhalation
Exhalation
The number of breaths per minute.
The amount you breathe in & out during normal
breathing.
The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled in
one breath.
The amount of air left in the lungs after maximum
exhalation.
The amount of air your lungs inhale & exhale per
minute.
Breathing in.
Breathing out.
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Energy Systems
There are three energy systems in our body:
Aerobic System GLUCOSE + OXYGEN = ENERGY + CARBON DIOXIDE+ WATER
Produces unlimited energy when working below about 85% of max
heart rate. Produces energy slowly. Used by marathon runners
Lactic Acid System GLUCOSE = ENERGY + LACTIC ACID + OXYGEN DEBT
Produces lots of energy quickly. Will last up to 2 minutes. Partial
breakdown of molecules during the reaction creates oxygen debt.
(symptom: heavy panting) Oxygen must be taken in to completely
breakdown the glucose molecules and return the body to a balanced
state. (homeostasis) Used by 400m / 800m runners.
ATP/PC System PHOSPHOCREATINE = PHOSPHATE + CREATINE + ENERGY
Produces lots of energy very quickly. Only lasts up to 10 seconds.
Phosphocreatine molecules are broken down to create energy. Used
by 100m runners.
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Nervous System
The nervous system transmits information to parts of our
body.
The information travels as small electrical impulses along
nerves.
The main organ in the CNS (central nervous system) is the
spinal cord. All information passing along the CNS passes
through the spinal cord.
Athletes need the CNS to function effectively so that they
can control the parts of the body that they wish to move.
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Sample exam questions – Body
Systems
Name four functions of the skeleton. (4)
Name two bones found in the arm. (2)
Name the three type of muscle found in the body. (3)
Explain the function of tendons. (1)
Explain the function of ligaments. (1)
Answers
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Sample exam questions – Body
Systems
State two places in the body where a pulse can be
located. (2)
State and explain the long term effects of aerobic
training on the circulatory system. (5)
State and explain the short term effects of exercise
on the respiratory system. (5)
Answers
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Movement
What is a joint?
Types of movement
Types of joint & their actions
How movement occurs
Sample exam questions
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A Joint
“A joint is where two or more bones meet.”
Joints can be classified into three categories:
• Freely moveable.
• Slightly moveable.
• Fixed.
(e.g. Knee)
(e.g. Vertebral column)
(e.g. Plates of the cranium)
Key terms:
Cartilage – tough, flexible, slippery tissue found at the end of bones. Shock
absorber.
Joint – Where two or more bones meet.
Ligament – Tough elastic fibre joining bone to bone.
Tendon – Tough inelastic fibre joining muscle to bone.
Synovial Fluid – Lubricating, shock absorbing liquid found in freely moveable
joints
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Types of Movement
Abduction
The movement of a limb away from the central line of the body. (abduct – to
take away)
Adduction
The movement of a limb towards the central line of the body. (add – adding to
the body)
Flexion
Reducing the angle at a joint. (Bending)
Extension
Increasing the angle at a joint. (Straightening)
Rotation
The limb or body part moves in a circular motion.
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Types of Synovial Joints & Their
Actions.
TYPES OF
SYNOVIAL JOINT
EXAMPLES FROM
THE BODY
MOVEMENTS
HINGE
Knee
Elbow
Finger
Flexion
Extension
Preparing for (F) and
kicking a ball (E).
BALL & SOCKET
Shoulder
Hip
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Rotation
Rowing- pulling (F)
Rowing – recovery (E)
Side step (Ab)
Breaststroke arms (Ad)
Front crawl arms. (R)
CONDYLOID
Wrist
Flexion
Extension
Rotation
Badminton smash
preparation (F)
Badminton smash
execution (E)
Badminton drop shot
(R)
PIVOT
Neck
Rotation
Front crawl breathing
(R)
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SPORTING
EXAMPLE
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How Movement Occurs
• Bones and muscles link to cause movement.
• Muscles are attached to bones via TENDONS.
• Muscles are attached at both ends to bone.
• Muscles must be attached across a joint to allow movement to occur at that
joint.
• Muscles cause movement by CONTRACTING.
• This means that to cause movement in two ways TWO MUSCLES are
needed.
• The muscle that causes the movement is called the AGONIST or PRIME
MOVER.
• The muscle that causes movement in the other direction relaxes and is called
the ANTAGONIST.
• Small muscles that assist movement are called SYNERGISTS.
• The point of muscular attachment that stays still is called the ORIGIN.
• The point of muscular contraction that moves (towards the origin) is called
the INSERTION.
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How Movement Occurs
MOVEMENT
BONES
MUSCLES
AGONIST
ANTAGONIST
FLEXION AT
THE KNEE
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Hamstring
Quadricep
Hamstring
Quadricep
Preparing to kick a ball.
EXTENSION
AT THE KNEE
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Hamstring
Quadricep
Quadricep
Hamstring
Kicking a ball.
FLEXION AT
THE ELBOW
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Bicep
Tricep
Bicep
Tricep
Preparing to throw a ball.
EXTENSION
AT THE
ELBOW
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Bicep
Tricep
Tricep
Bicep
Throwing a ball.
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SPORTING EXAMPLE
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Sample exam questions –
Movement
What is a joint? (2)
Name the three types of joint found in the human body. (3)
State the function of ligaments. (2)
State the functions of tendons. (2)
What is the function of synovial fluid in a freely movable joint? (2)
What is the function of cartilage in a freely moveable joint? (2)
Answers
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Sample exam questions –
Movement
Using a sporting example e.g. throwing or
kicking state how bones and muscles link to
cause movement. (5)
Answers
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Health
What is health?
Physical well being
Mental well being
Social well being
Diet
Somatotype
Sample exam questions
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What is health?
“Health is a complete state
of physical, social and
mental well being.”
(World Health Organisation)
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What does that actually mean?
Physical well being
is the body’s
systems working
well and the
absence of illness
and injury.
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What does that actually mean?
Mental well being is
being happy with
yourself and not
overly emotional or
stressed.
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What does that actually mean?
Social well being is
having the support
of friends and
family and an
awareness of my
role in society.
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What is a balanced diet?
A balanced diet consists of seven components:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Carbohydrates.
Fats.
Protein.
Water.
Vitamins.
Minerals.
Fibre.
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Carbohydrates.
Function:
To provide energy.
• Short term energy from simple carbohydrates.
• Long term energy from complex carbohydrates.
Stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle tissue.
Sources:
Simple: Sugars.
Complex: Starches – bread, pasta, rice, potatoes.
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Fats.
Function:
To provide stores of energy for long term release and
stored under the skin and around major organs to provide
insulation. There are two types:
1. Saturated.
2. Unsaturated.
Sources:
Saturated: animal fats e.g. butter, whole milk, eggs.
Unsaturated: vegetable fats e.g. olive oil, avocado, nuts.
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Protein.
Function:
To allow growth and repair of the body’s tissues.
Breaks down into amino acids that are
restructured into muscle protein.
Sources:
Fish, chicken, lean red meat and soya. Also in
dairy products but these have a high fat content!
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Water.
Function:
To allow the body to maintain a constant
temperature. To allow cells to function effectively.
Sources:
The recommended intake of water is 8 glasses per
day – for athletes that are training or on hot days
this must increase.
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Vitamins.
Function:
Vitamin
Vitamin
Vitamin
Vitamin
A: Healthy skin, good night vision.
B: Helps brain function & fertility.
C: Prevents scurvy.
D: Strong bones.
Sources:
Vitamin
Vitamin
Vitamin
Vitamin
A: Milk, butter, fish.
B: Cereals.
C: Citrus fruit and vegetables.
D: Milk, fish, eggs, sunshine.
or
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Minerals.
Function:
Iron:
Calcium:
Sources:
Iron:
Calcium:
Helps blood function and concentration.
Helps the formation of healthy teeth and
bones.
Liver, green vegetables, cereal.
Milk, cheese.
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Fibre.
Function:
To aid digestion and excretion by giving the
gut wall something to push on.
Sources:
Fresh fruit and vegetables.
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A Balanced Diet
Usually a person will
eat a diet that is
composed of
approximately 60%
carbohydrate, 15%
protein and 25% fat.
Sports people will
adapt this to their own
needs. An endurance
athlete will eat a high
carbohydrate for long
lasting energy and a
power athlete may eat
a high protein diet to
enable muscular repair.
Composition of a
Balanced Diet.
Fat
Protein
Carbohydrate
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A Balanced Diet
A balanced diet should provide all the nutrients that your body requires
for its daily tasks.
The more active you are the greater the energy intake you will need.
• Women and men have different daily calorific requirements.
• Men can usually consume 2500kcals per day without gaining weight.
• Women can usually consume 2000kcals per day without gaining
weight.
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Physical Activity and Diet.
How do we maintain energy stores?
• Eat a high carbohydrate meal at least two hours before exercise.
• Do not take a glucose drink or snack before performance – it
actually reduces energy stores more quickly.
• If you are performing or training for a long period of time (40
minutes +) sipping a glucose drink during will help maintain
performance.
• Replace lost carbohydrate stores with a carbohydrate rich meal after
exercise.
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Physical Activity and Diet.
Fluid loss is a major problem for athletes during training and
performance.
• Studies have shown that marathon runners can lose 6 – 10% of
bodyweight during a race.
• This means up to 7 litres of liquid lost from the body.
• Dehydration can cause up to a 33% decrease in performance.
(British
Journal of Sports Science. 1998.)
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Physical Activity and Diet.
How does an athlete lose liquid during
performance?
• Sweat
The athlete’s body temperature rises and then produces
sweat to help control the temperature.
• Water vapour on the breath
The athlete has to breathe both faster and more deeply to
provide oxygen to the working muscles. This means the
amount of water lost as vapour on the breath increases.
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Physical Activity and Diet.
What are the effects of dehydration on the athlete?
• Lack of concentration.
• Loss of important electrolytes such as sodium and chloride.
• Endurance reduces.
• Body temperature rises possibly leading to heat exhaustion.
• More susceptible to fatigue.
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Physical Activity and Diet.
How can the effects of dehydration be avoided?
• Regularly sipping liquid during sporting activity.
• Not waiting until thirsty – it’s too late, dehydration has already
occurred!
• Ensuring that two hours before performance your body is fully
hydrated.
• After performance you replace lost fluids with a drink containing
electrolytes.
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Somatotype.
This refers to a person’s body type.
Somatotyping measures a person’s body build in terms of fat, muscle
and linearity (height) on a scale of 1 - 7. 1 is a low score and 7 is a
high score.
There are three main types of somatotype:
• Endomorph.
• Mesomorph.
• Ectomorph.
Athletes all tend to have a high degree of mesomorph as they require
large amounts of muscle.
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Endomorph.
Characteristics:
•
•
•
•
•
Fatty upper arms.
Thin wrists.
Wide hips.
Narrow shoulders.
Fatty thighs
Suitable Sports:
Sumo wrestling, prop forward in rugby.
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Mesomorph.
Characteristics:
• Large head.
• Broad shoulders.
• Strong forearms and
•
thighs.
Narrow hips.
Suitable Sports:
All sports, especially
sprinting, rugby and rowing
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Ectomorph.
Characteristics:
• Narrow face and high
•
•
•
forehead.
Narrow shoulders.
Thin narrow chest
and abdomen.
Slim hips.
Suitable Sports:
High jump, basketball, netball.
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Sample exam questions - Health
What are the three components of health? (3)
Carbohydrate is one part of a balanced diet, name two others. (2)
What is dehydration? (1)
State two ways in which an athlete could ensure that they do not get
dehydrated. (2)
Mesomorph is one somatotype, name two others. (2)
Which type of sport would suit an athlete with mesomorph and
ectomorph mix of body types? (1)
Answers
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Fitness
What is fitness?
Aspects of fitness – General
Aspects of fitness – Specific
Testing fitness
Sample exam questions
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What is Fitness?
“The ability to meet the demands of your
environment and lifestyle and still have
energy left for emergencies.”
Fitness can be broken down into two areas:
• General
• Specific
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Types of Fitness.
GENERAL fitness is made up of 5 factors:
•
•
•
•
•
Speed.
Strength.
Stamina.
Suppleness.
Somatotype.
All people require some combination of all these factors.
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Speed.
“The ability to move the body or parts of the
body from one place to another in the
shortest possible time.”
Needed by:
• Games players.
• Sprinters.
• Someone who is Copyright
running
late.
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Strength.
“The amount of force muscles can exert
against a resistance.”
Muscular strength can be divided into 3
types:
1. Static.
2. Explosive.
3. Dynamic.
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Static Strength.
This is the application of
maximum force against an
immovable object.
Used in tug of war and a
rugby scrum.
Muscles do not change
length. (isometric
contraction)
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Explosive Strength.
This is the maximum
amount of force used in one
movement. i.e. Power.
Muscle length changes.
(isotonic contraction)
Used by sprinters, throwers,
jumpers and weightlifters.
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Dynamic Strength.
This is the repeated
application of force
(muscular endurance).
Muscle length changes.
(isotonic contraction)
Used in running, cycling,
rowing.
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Stamina.
“The ability of the body to continue working for long
periods of time.”
Needed by:
• Long distance runners.
• Labourers.
Indications of someone who has good stamina will include:
• A low resting heart rate.
• A large vital capacity.
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Suppleness.
Another word for suppleness is flexibility. Both can be
defined as:
“The range of movement around a joint.”
Greater movement = greater suppleness.
Needed by:
• Gymnasts.
• Someone picking something up from the floor.
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Types of Fitness.
SPECIFIC fitness is made up from the following factors:
• Agility.
• Balance.
• Power.
• Coordination.
• Timing.
• Reaction Time.
People have differing requirements from this list depending
on their lifestyle or chosen sporting activity.
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Specific Fitness - Agility.
“The ability to change direction at speed.”
Needed by:
• Games Players.
• Gymnasts.
• Rock climbers.
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Specific Fitness - Balance.
“ The ability to stay upright or in equilibrium.”
Needed by:
• Gymnasts.
• Games Players.
• Surfers.
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Specific Fitness - Power.
“ The maximum amount of force that can be
applied in one movement.”
Needed by:
• Rugby Players.
• Weightlifters.
• Throwers.
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Specific Fitness - Coordination.
“ The ability to synchronise movements of
different body parts in response to the
requirements of the activity.”
Needed by:
• Racquet sports players.
• Gymnasts.
• Games players.
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Specific Fitness - Timing.
“ The ability to act at precisely the right
moment.”
Needed by:
• Games players.
• Gymnasts.
• Sailors.
• Athletes.
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Specific Fitness - Reaction Time.
“ The time it takes for the body to respond to a
stimulus.”
Needed by:
• Sprinters.
• Racing drivers.
• Racquet sports players.
• Goalkeepers.
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Testing Fitness.
Fitness testing is designed to be able to measure
aspects of both general and specific fitness.
Once levels of fitness have been established it is
easier for people to train appropriately for their
needs.
This is why when testing fitness we need to be as
accurate as possible and take care to administer
tests correctly.
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Testing Fitness.
Fitness tests can be either maximal or submaximal.
Maximal tests take place at around maximum heart rate
(220-age) or push the athlete being tested to their
maximum capacity. (1 rep max lift in the gym.)
Submaximal tests take place below the athletes
maximum thresholds and then calculations are used to
create fitness scores. (Harvard step test.)
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Measuring General Fitness.
Aspects of general
fitness can be measured
using the following
fitness tests:
Aspect.
Test.
Speed.
30m sprint.
Strength.
3 rep max.
Stamina.
Bleep test /
Harvard step
test.
Suppleness.
Sit and reach.
Somatotype.
Skinfold Caliper.
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Measuring specific fitness.
Aspects of specific
fitness can be measured
in the following ways:
Aspect.
Test.
Agility.
Illinios.
Balance.
Stork Stand.
Power.
Vertical Jump.
Coordination.
Ball Bounce.
Timing.
-
Reaction Time.
Ruler Drop.
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Sample exam questions - Fitness
What is fitness? (2)
State two components of general fitness. (2)
State two components of specific fitness. (2)
State and explain an example of an athlete that would use dynamic
strength. (2)
State and explain an example of an athlete that would use explosive
strength. (2)
State a fitness test that could be used for measuring stamina. (1)
Answers
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Training
Principles of training
Methods of training
Sample exam questions
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Principles of Training.
There are five key principles of training:
Specificity
Progression
Overload
Reversibility
Tedium
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Specificity
“ Training for a specific sport, training in a specific
way or training a specific body part to function in a
particular way.”
E.g.
Lance Armstrong will train
specifically for cycling. Much
of his training will take place
on a bike, replicating the type
of activity that he performs
during a race. Lance
Armstrong will focus on
training the major muscle
groups used when cycling;
quads, hamstrings,
gastrocnemius & soleus.
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Progression
“Gradually increasing the load placed upon your
body to allow continual improvement to your
body to occur.”
• If an athlete always trained at the same intensity then little benefit
would be gained once the body had adapted to the increased
training load.
• To allow continual improvement to be made training must be made
gradually more difficult.
• This is why an athlete who has been training regularly for a long
period of time will have a harder training programme than an
untrained person who has just joined a gym.
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Overload
“Placing extra demands on the body so
it has to work harder than normal,
thus allowing the body to adapt
(improve) to the loads placed upon
it.”
• Overload is based on thresholds of
training and the F.I.D. principle.
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Thresholds of Training
Long term benefits of
training:
• Heart wall gets
thicker.
M.H.R. = 220 – age
Anaerobic
Zone
• Blood vessels gain
elasticity.
• Heart gets bigger.
85% MHR
Aerobic Zone
60% MHR
• RHR drops.
• Blood volume
increases.
• More capillaries
around muscles.
Zone of no benefit
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Frequency
“The number of times a person trains each week.”
• The more often a person trains, the more often their body is
stressed.
• This leads to a quicker gain in fitness.
• The general population should exercise at least 3 times per week.
• Top athletes need to train more frequently than this.
• Recovery is also important; not enough recovery time will lead to
overtraining and overuse injuries.
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Intensity
“How hard the exercise is.”
• Pulse rate is a good indicator of the intensity of exercise.
• 60% – 85% (m.h.r.) is the ideal training zone, the fitter the person the higher in this
zone they should train.
• To help monitor this people can use heart rate monitors.
• Weight trainers also use percentage calculations to work out their training thresholds.
• They work out their maximum lifting weight on each exercise.
• 70% of this is then lifted to improve strength.
• 30% of this is then lifted to improve endurance.
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Duration
“The length of the training session.”
• The length of training session is linked to the type exercise /
improvement that the athlete requires.
• A sprinter may train in many short bursts of 10 – 30 seconds over
an hour.
• A marathon runner may train continuously for 1.5 – 2 hours at a
time.
• For general health benefits people should aim to train for at least 20
minutes, after completing a warm up, with their heart rate in the
training zone.
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Reversibility
“ Benefits gained by training are easily lost.”
• If an athlete does not train then the benefits that they have worked hard to
create will be lost.
• To maintain the benefits created by training the body still needs to be
overloaded.
• Endurance is lost three times quicker than it is gained.
Keywords:
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
– Reduction in muscle size through lack of training.
– Increase in muscle size due to the effects of training.
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Tedium
“If exercise is boring, people will not want to take
part –leading to reversibility.”
• Exercise / training should be varied to maintain interest.
• Small achievable goals should be set to give a sense of
progress / achievement.
• Training with a partner or team mates is a good way to
avoid tedium.
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Forms of Training - Circuit
“A series of different exercises completed using different parts of the body, working on each exercise
for a specified amount of time”
•
•
Circuit training can be adapted to work on many different aspects of fitness; strength, speed,
stamina, flexibility.
The circuit should be organised so muscles are not worked on consecutive stations.
Benefits
Easy to accommodate large numbers of people, keeps training varied, can work more than 1
aspect of fitness at a time, individual targets can be met.
Limitations
Requires a degree of space, not really suitable for training on your own, circuit activities need to
be varied to avoid tedium.
Dips
Star jumps
Squat
thrusts
Press ups
Crunches
Shuttles
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Back raises
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Forms of Training - Interval
“Periods of work interspersed with periods of rest.”
•
Interval can either be long or short interval training.
•
Completed as sets and reps.
•
Short interval develops the ability to apply maximum effort. The periods of work are very short –
15 seconds and the periods of rest relatively long – up to 2 minutes. Suitable for sprinters.
•
Long interval develops the ability to apply sub maximal effort over longer periods of time. The
periods of work are longer – up to 3 minutes and the periods of rest get longer as the periods of
work get longer. Suitable for athletes that need to repeatedly apply sub maximal effort – games
players.
Benefits
Easy to organise, very sports specific.
Limitations
Varying abilities difficult to cope with, difficult to easily set individual targets.
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Forms of Training - Weight
“The use of weights to provide resistance to allow training benefits to occur.”
• Can be either fixed weights or free weights.
• Athletes can develop strength, endurance and power using weight training.
• Athletes train using a system of sets and reps.
Sets
The number of times a group of repetitions is completed.
Reps
The number of times an exercise is repeated in one go.
Strength = 70% of 3 lift max x low reps (8-12)
Endurance = 30% of 3 lift max x high reps (15-50)
Power = Strength x Speed (Same as strength but a fast lifting action.)
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Fixed Weights
Fixed Weights
Also known as weights machines, the weight can only follow a pre defined
range of movement.
Benefits
Safe, easily used alone, develop correct lifting position, isolate agonist
(muscle causing movement) well.
Limitations
Do not develop synergist (stabilising) muscles, maximum amount of weight
is pre defined limiting their use for well conditioned athletes.
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Free Weights
Free Weights
Weights that are not encased in a machine, are free to move anywhere, no
pre defined range of movement.
Benefits
Easy to add more weight, develops synergist (stabilising) muscles as well
as agonist, (muscle causing movement) greater range of possible exercises.
Limitations
Greater risk of injury due to incorrect lifting technique, requires at least two
other people to acts as spotters when using heavy weights.
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Forms of Training - Fartlek
“A form of exercise that varies overload by varying the speed and effort that is applied by
the participant.”
• Occurs over a period of time (about 45mins, minimum 20mins) when an athlete will
vary the intensity (heart rate) at which they are exercising.
• It develops both the aerobic and anaerobic energy systems.
• Ideal for games players.
Benefits
Easy to organise, varied training activities, varied training outcomes, works
all three energy systems, can be adapted to different situations.
Limitations
Needs careful planning, can need large amounts of space / varied terrain.
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Forms of Training - Continuous
“Regular rhythmic contractions of large muscle groups.”
•
•
•
•
•
Used to build endurance.
Works the aerobic energy system.
Athletes operate between 60% and 80% of max heart rate.
Minimum length of exercise time is 20 minutes.
Ideal for endurance athletes (5000m+) and people wishing to improve
general health & fitness.
Benefits
Easy to do, builds fitness quickly, can be adapted to different situations /
equipment.
Limitations
Can become boring.
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Aerobic Energy System
Forms of Training - Endurance
“Endurance – the ability to keep going for long periods of time.”
Endurance training requires regular rhythmic contraction of major muscle
groups (slow twitch), at a constant pulse rate, over a long period of time.
Suitable activities:
Jogging, cycling, swimming, rowing, stepping, x trainer, aerobics
• Frequency
At least 3 sessions per week.
• Intensity
Athletes that wish to improve endurance operate between 60% & 80% of
their maximum heart rate. (220 – age)
•
Duration
An athlete would exercise for at least 20 minutes (building fitness) but
possibly up to 2 hours. (ultra endurance events)
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Anaerobic Energy System – ATP/PC & Lactic Acid System
Forms of Training - Speed
“The ability to move the body or parts of the body from one place to
another in the shortest possible time.”
Speed training requires vigorous bursts of muscular contraction (fast twitch)
over short periods of time.
Suitable activities:
Short & Long interval training, resistance training, acceleration sprints.
•
•
•
Frequency
At least 3 times per week.
Intensity
Between 85% mhr and maximum heart rate.
Duration
If working at 85%mhr speed training will not last longer than 3 minutes. If
working maximally the training will last no longer than 1 minute. These
training loads will be repeated so the actual session could last up to ½ an
hour.
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Anaerobic Energy System - ATP/PC & Lactic Acid System
Forms of Training - Strength
“The ability to apply maximum force to an object.”
Strength training requires few regular muscular contractions applying
maximum effort over a short period of time.
Suitable activities:
Resistance training either using fixed or free weights or body weight
resistance training.
•
•
•
Frequency
Maximum number of sessions on each muscle group - 3 times per week.
Intensity
Athletes should lift 70% of their 3 rep max to develop strength.
Duration
Athletes should complete between 3 & 5 sets of between 8 & 12 repetitions.
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Threshold Training
Threshold training is based on finding out a persons maximum level of
performance and then working at certain levels of this maximum to develop
particular aspects of fitness.
Threshold training can be used to develop all aspects of fitness.
• Aerobic and anaerobic training zones are based on a persons maximum heart
rate.
• Weight training is based upon a persons ability to complete 3 rep max lifts
• PNF (Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation) flexibility training is
based upon finding the threshold of a persons flexibility and then using
muscular contraction to extend this range of movement.
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Threshold Training – Resistance
A weight trainer needs to find out the maximum weight that they can lift 3 times for each
exercise that they want to perform. (3 rep max)
They will then use this figure to calculate the training thresholds for strength (70%) and
endurance (30%).
Examples
Aim: Increase strength using the bench press exercise.
3 rep max: 100kg.
Required lifting weight (70%): 70kg.
Actual exercise: 3 sets of 8 reps lifting 70kg
Aim: Increase strength using the bench press exercise.
3 rep max: 100kg.
Required lifting weight (30%): 30kg.
Actual exercise: 3 sets of 15 reps lifting 30 kg.
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Flexibility Training
“Flexibility is the range of movement around a
joint.”
There are 3 main ways of developing flexibility:
• Static stretching.
• Ballistic stretching.
• PNF stretching.
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Proprioceptive Neuromuscular
Facilitation.
P.N.F. Stretching
• P.N.F. stands for Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation.
• This type of stretching is very good for increasing flexibility.
• The athlete takes the limb to the point at which resistance is felt.
• They then complete an isometric contraction (muscle length does
not change) against an immovable object, usually a partner.
• They then repeat this process (second and third time the muscle is
able to stretch further) until their own limit is reached.
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Ballistic Stretching
Ballistic Stretching
• Also called dynamic or active stretching.
• This involves the athlete moving the limb through an extreme range
of movement, once it is in a stretched position.
• The athlete uses jerky movements to try to increase flexibility at the
joint.
• This method is only suitable for people who are already flexible.
• This method has risks for injury.
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Static Stretching
Static Stretching
• Also called passive stretching.
• The muscle is taken to it’s maximum range and then held for
between 10 and 45 seconds.
• The longer the stretch is held the greater chance of an increase in
flexibility.
• Less risk of injury than ballistic stretching.
• Provides prevention and relief from muscle / joint pain.
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Sample exam questions - Training
Name the five principles of training. (5)
Explain how FID contributes to overload. (3)
What is specificity? (1)
What is reversibility? (1)
What training method could an athlete use to develop endurance? (1)
At what heart rate would an athlete work at to develop endurance? (1)
Answers
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Sample exam questions - Training
What are the benefits of using free weights rather than
fixed weights? (2)
What type of athlete would benefit from Fartlek training?
(1)
Which type of training is most effective at improving
flexibility? (1)
What is interval training? (3)
Answers
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Drugs
A drug is a chemical substance that alters the
body’s performance in some way.
Drugs can be used positively and negatively in
sport. Using drugs that are allowed is positive. It
helps to keep an athlete healthy. E.g. Paracetamol
Using drugs that are banned is negative. This is
the athlete trying to gain an unfair advantage.
(cheating) E.g. Anabolic Steroids
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Categories of banned drugs & their
uses.
Stimulants - Ephedrine
Designed to speed up the nervous system. Creates extra alertness. Used by games
players to be more ‘up for’ a match.
Anabolic Steroids - Nandralone
Used to increase muscular mass & speed up training recovery. Used by sprinters &
weightlifters. Can cause aggression & infertility.
Diuretics
Used to increase the speed of water loss. Used by jockeys & boxers to make a weight.
Causes dehydration.
Narcotic Analgesics - Morphine
Kills pain. Used by athletes to kill pain to allow further competition or training.
Blood Doping
An athlete trains at altitude causing more red blood cells to be made. Blood is then
removed and frozen. The body recovers and makes more blood. Prior to competition the
blood is thawed out & reinjected. Creates improved endurance due to more red blood
cells able to carry more oxygen. Used by marathon runners / endurance athletes.
Hormones – Testosterone.
Used to encourage muscular growth. Used by sprinters & weightlifters.
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Sample exam questions - Drugs
Name two types of banned drug. (2)
Which type of athlete may use anabolic steroids?
(1)
What would they hope to gain by using them? (2)
What is blood doping and what type of athlete
would use it? (4)
Answers
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Factors Affecting Performance &
Participation
Schools
Sports clubs
Age
Gender
Leisure time
Sample exam style questions
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Schools
• PE is a compulsory subject in schools in the UK.
• PE is a core subject of the National Curriculum.
• PE is taught by specialist teachers in secondary schools
•
•
•
but some primary teachers are not PE specialists.
Children have to follow certain areas of activity in each
of the key stages.
Activities can be chosen from these areas; games,
gymnastics, dance, athletics, swimming and outdoor and
adventurous activities.
The focus of the national curriculum is; developing skills,
applying skills in an activity, analysing performance and
developing health & fitness.
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Schools and Participation
• Schools increase participation in physical activity
because PE is compulsory for everyone of school age.
• Enthusiastic teachers act as positive role models and
encourage pupils to willingly participate and make PE an
enjoyable activity.
• Effective teachers of PE ensure that all people can join in
the activities because the tasks set are adapted to
different ability levels.
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Schools and Extra Curricular Clubs
• Teachers often offer extra activities that take place outside normal lesson
times. E.g. lunch times or after school.
• Teachers and school staff run these on a voluntary basis.
• Students attend clubs that interest them, it is not compulsory.
• Schools clubs tend to be free if they are run by the teachers or school staff.
• These clubs provide more opportunity (greater number of hours) for
students to participate in physical activity.
• Students can attend just to participate (recreation) or to take part in
competitive activity (sport).
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Sports Clubs
• Sports clubs tend to focus on a specific activity. E.g. A
netball club.
• People tend to be interested in the activity before they
join the club.
• Coaches at clubs now need to be qualified and clubs
need to be very safety conscious.
• The standard of performance at clubs tends to be higher
as people receive specialist coaching and people
dedicate time to improving their own performance.
(Training)
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Age
Different age groups tend to focus on different aspects of performance.
Young children (2 – 10) focus on developing basic skills and patterns
of movement applicable to a wide range of activities.
READY
Children aged 11 – 15 develop their knowledge and performance in
particular activities.
STEADY
Late teenage years and early twenties is a time when many people
try to achieve the highest standard of performance possible.
GO
Thirties and forties is a time when people try to maintain
participation for health benefits.
STEADY
As people age their muscular mass undergoes atrophy and their
skeleton becomes more fragile. Older people therefore undertake
more gentle exercise to inhibit the deterioration of their body
systems.
SLOW
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Gender
Modern physical activity should be an equal and inclusive experience.
However sometimes this is not the case.
Sometimes clubs may only have enough facilities for single sex activities.
There may not be enough interest in an activity for a particular sex.
Many sports are available to both sexes but generally they are played separately. Some
exceptions include; mixed hockey, tennis, equestrianism.
To encourage equal participation between the sexes clubs are offered funding to
organise female specific activities.
To encourage female participation ladies only sessions are organised in leisure centres,
sometimes with subsidised (cheaper) entry costs and also creche facilities are provided.
E.g. Ladies swimming at a certain time or mother & toddler activity sessions.
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Leisure Time
Leisure time is the time a person has left over when they have fulfilled
all of their commitments for that day. These commitments can include
working, eating and chores. Leisure time is a time when a person can
make a free choice about what they wish to do.
Leisure time has increased for many people in recent years. This can
be put down to several factors:
• More automated working. (Technology)
• More labour saving devices. (washing machines etc.)
• Longer life expectancy.
• More affluent (rich) society.
As people have more leisure time it means that the leisure industry has
grown to be able to meet the demand for leisure activities.
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Sample exam questions – Factors
Affecting Performance & Participation
How do schools increase participation in physical activity?
(4)
What benefits do organised sports clubs offer over a school
extra curricular club? (4)
Why do people now have more time to participate in
leisure activities? (4)
Answers
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Sample exam questions – Factors
Affecting Performance & Participation
How does a persons style of participation differ as
they get older? (4)
What measures are taken to ensure that sport and
physical activity are able to be accessed by both
men and women? (4)
Answers
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Social & Cultural Factors Affecting
Participation
Sponsorship & Endorsement
Funding
Media
Hosting International Events
Particular Events in Olympic History
Cultural issues
Sample exam questions
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Sponsorship & Endorsement
Sponsorship is the provision of money, goods or services in return for the
displaying of a logo or the use of image rights when trying to sell a product.
It is a commercial agreement, the sponsor gets advertising and association
with sport and the person who is sponsored gets financial reward, free
equipment or services.
Example:
Emirates Airlines sponsor Chelsea Football Club.
Endorsement is a sportsperson allowing their name to be associated with a
product to try to help sell it. They give it their seal of approval. People usually
receive a fee or royalties in this type of agreement.
Example:
David Beckham’s clothing line.
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Funding
Funding is when money is given by an organisation (usually
the government via DCMS (Department of Culture Media &
Sport) or National Lottery) to support sporting development
without any commercial interest.
Sport England is the main body responsible for distributing
funding in England to help developing sporting opportunity.
Funding usually tries to develop places (facilities) for
people to participate in physical activity or to give people
the opportunity to take part in more physical activity
(participation) by paying for coaching.
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Media
All forms of media have one purpose:
“Communication of information to an audience”
The main forms of media are:
Newspaper
Mobile
Phone
TV
TYPES
OF
MEDIA
Magazine
Radio
Internet
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Functions of media in a sporting
context.
Media has several key functions within the world of sport.
Informing – e.g. news programmes.
This type of programme tells people what has gone on.
Educating – e.g. documentary programmes or student revision programmes.
This type of programme develops knowledge in the audience.
Entertaining – e.g. programmes to allow people to enjoy their leisure time.
This type of programme provides excitement for an audience without actually
having to participate.
Advertising – e.g. adverts between programmes or at live events.
This is a key aspect of modern sport as commercial sponsorship provides the
money for sport to develop and evolve and the securing of this sponsorship
relies upon media coverage.
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Media and Sport
The effects on sport of media coverage can be divided
into positive and negative factors.
Positive:
• Greater influx of money into the sport. More coverage brings more sponsorship.
• Increased awareness of a sport, leading to more participants.
• Sports develop to become more exciting e.g. back pass rule in football.
• New events created for media purposes e.g. giant slalom skiing.
Negative:
• Media companies influence scheduling times to maximise TV audiences. E.g. Premiership
kick off times.
• Media companies influence timings of the activity. E.g. American Football now divided into
quarters to allow more advertising.
• Attendance at live events drops.
• Saturation coverage creates boredom about a sport.
• Sports lose popularity due to little media coverage.
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Hosting International Events
Countries work very hard to secure the right
to host international sporting events such
as:
The Olympic Games
The World Cup
The Commonwealth Games
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Hosting International Events
There are considerable advantages to hosting international
events. These include:
• Better sporting facilities that can be used after the event
has finished.
• More jobs for the people in the host country.
• More wealth for businesses in the host country.
• Improved transport systems.
• Good publicity for the host country.
• The athletes act as role models and encourage people in
the host country to participate in more physical activity.
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Hosting International Events
There can be some disadvantages to hosting an
international sporting event:
• It requires a large amount of money to pay for facilities
when they are being built and countries may not get back
their investment if the event is not a success.
• Political groups can use the event to draw attention to a
particular issue, sometimes with violent results.
• Once the event has finished some jobs will be lost.
• Some sporting facilities may not be used much after the
event has finished.
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Particular Events in the Olympic
Games history.
There have been some very important
events that have occurred in the history of
the Olympic games. As the games have
become more popular, more people have
watched. In turn this has meant that the
Olympic games have been used by people
to express political opinions and viewpoints.
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1936 – Berlin.
• Jesse Owens won 4 gold medals in Berlin.
• He was a black American athlete.
• The games were hosted by Adolf Hitler’s third Reich –
they hoped for Aryan winners. (blond hair, blue eyes.)
• Adolf Hitler refused to acknowledge Owens because of
his race.
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Jesse Owens – 1936.
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1968 – Mexico City.
American athletes, Tommie Smith and John
Carlos chose the winners podium to bring
awareness to the civil rights struggle in the
USA. They wanted racial equality in a time
when black people were considered second
rate citizens. Their message of defiance
was broadcast on live TV across the world.
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1972 – Munich.
Terrorists from the black September terrorist
group took hostage members of the Israeli
Olympic team in the athlete’s village. Their
aim was to publicise the struggle for power
on the West Bank. In the attempt to rescue
them 11 athletes lost their lives.
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1976 – Montreal.
• These games were supposed to be the biggest and best
ever seen.
• Sadly corruption and bad planning meant that the games
were surrounded in controversy.
• The city overspent massively and the Olympic games
caused a huge debt of over $1 billion to be created.
• Citizens of Montreal are still paying the debt off via their
annual taxes!
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1980 – Moscow.
The USA refused to send their team to
Moscow in protest against the communist
political system that governed the Soviet
Union at the time and also because the
Soviet Union had just invaded Afghanistan.
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1984 – Los Angeles.
• This was the first Olympic games to be paid for entirely with
commercial money.
• Organisers sold TV rights, advertising outside the stadiums and
endorsed products for a $235 million profit.
• The first professional athletes competed with the reintroduction of
tennis.
• Since this date the games started to change towards the spectacle
we see today.
• Steve Redgrave won his first gold medal!
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1988 – Seoul.
• Canadian sprinter Ben
Johnson became the first
man to run 100m in under
9.8 seconds – 9.79s – a
world record!
• He later became the first
gold medallist to be stripped
of his gold medal after
testing positive for anabolic
steroids!
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2000 – Sydney.
• This was termed the most successful Olympics ever!
• This event set the standard for all games to follow – the new facilities
were amazing and the spectacle was second to none.
• It cost 2.4billion dollars to stage!
• 10 key commercial partners contributed $50million each to associate
their products with the Olympic games.
• Steve Redgrave wins his 5th gold medal! – The longest period anyone
has ever won consecutive gold medals (20 years!)
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Cultural Issues
Culture and tradition has a large impact on sporting participation.
Parents influence children in their participation trends. If parents are
active and interested in sport then it is likely that their children will be
encouraged to participate in sport also.
Parents may encourage a child towards the traditional activity for that
family rather than the activity that the child most enjoys or is good at!
Peer groups have a large influence on participation. If in a group of
friends a majority all enjoy a particular activity then it is likely that the
others in that social circle will also participate in the popular activity.
Negatively, if a peer group has a large number of people who do not
enjoy physical activity then it is unlikely that the rest of the group will
either!
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Sample exam questions – Social &
Cultural Factors.
Name two advantages to the sponsor of sponsoring a professional
sports performer. (2)
Name two advantages to the athlete from being sponsored by a
commercial company. (2)
Name two sources of potential funding for sport in England. (2)
State two forms of media. (2)
Entertainment is one function of media, state two others. (2)
Answers
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Sample exam questions – Social &
Cultural Factors.
State and explain two negative influences of
media on sport. (4)
State and explain two positive influences of
media on sport. (4)
Answers
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Sample exam questions – Social &
Cultural Factors.
State and explain the advantages of a
country hosting a major international
competition such as the olympic games. (5)
State and explain the disadvantages of a
country hosting a major international
competition such as the olympic games. (5)
Answers
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Technology & PE
ICT
Judging
Sample exam questions.
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ICT
Information Communication Technology has helped students in PE
analyse performance, record performances and learn in new ways.
The main forms of ICT used in PE lessons are:
• TV.
• Video camera.
• Digital camera.
• Laptop computer.
All of these devices enables easy storage of data and pictures so that
they can be viewed at a later point. ICT has allowed us to analyse
performance in greater detail due to slow motion replay and motion
analysis software.
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Judging.
• Sports are now starting to rely on TV
and radio to assist in the officiating of
sports.
• As sports has become such big
business an accurate decision from the
official is vital for performers. A wrong
decision can cost a great deal of
money.
• Sports now use an additional umpire
to review multi angle TV footage to
assist the primary official in making
their decision. E.g. TV footage in
rugby.
• Assistant officials are linked via
personal radios to the primary official
to allow them to effectively
communicate during a sporting event.
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Sample exam questions – ICT in PE
State two advantages to using a video camera for
analysing performance. (2)
Explain how using ICT would help a PE teacher
enhance their teaching of a lesson. (3)
Give two examples of how ICT is helping sporting
officials make the correct decisions at important
fixtures. (2)
Answers
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Sample Exam Questions
Answers
Return to Contents Page
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Sample exam answers – Body
Systems
Name four functions of the skeleton. (4)
Support, protection, blood production, muscular
attachment, movement, shape.
Name two bones found in the arm. (2)
Humerus, radius, ulna.
Name the three type of muscle found in the body. (3)
Voluntary, involuntary, cardiac.
Explain the function of tendons. (1)
Join muscle to bone.
Explain the function of ligaments. (1)
Join bone to bone.
Questions
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Sample exam answers – Body
Systems
Questions
State two places in the body where a pulse can be located. (2)
Neck (carotid), wrist (radial), groin (femoral)
State and explain the long term effects of aerobic training on the circulatory
system. (5)
Heart gets bigger (hypertrophy) so stroke volume increases & resting heart rate
drops.
Blood pressure drops due to blood vessels becoming more elastic after being
regularly stretched during exercise.
Increased number of red blood cells produced to help deliver 02 & remove CO2.
Increased number of capillaries around muscles / alveoli to help blood to access
working sites.
State and explain the short term effects of exercise on the respiratory system.
(5)
Breathing rate and vital capacity (depth) of breathing increases to allow more
O2 to be delivered to the working sites to allow energy creation to occur.
Breathing rate and vital capacity (depth) of breathing increases to allow more
CO2 to be removed from the working sites. Rate of gas exchange increases to
provide 02 to the circulatory system and to remove CO2 from it.
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Sample exam answers – Movement
What is a joint? (2)
Where two or more bones meet.
Name the three types of joint found in the human body. (3)
Freely moveable, slightly moveable, fixed
State the function of ligaments. (2)
To join bone to bone.
State the functions of tendons. (2)
To join muscle to bone.
What is the function of synovial fluid in a freely movable joint? (2)
To lubricate the joint and to absorb some shock.
What is the function of cartilage in a freely moveable joint? (2)
To allow bones to slide over each other easily and to absorb shock.
Questions
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Sample exam answers – Movement
Using a sporting example e.g. throwing or kicking state how bones and
muscles link to cause movement. (5)
To go to the Kicking answer click here
Throwing.
The bones are joined at the elbow by ligaments. The muscles are
attached across the elbow by tendons. A muscle causes movement by
contracting . Throwing requires the arm to be moved in two directions
so two muscles are needed. These are the bicep and tricep.
To create flexion at the elbow in readiness for the throw the bicep is
the agonist and undergoes an isotonic concentric contraction. (gets
shorter) The tricep is the antagonist and relaxes to allow flexion to
occur.
To create extension at the elbow to allow the object to be thrown the
tricep becomes the agonist, undergoing an isotonic concentric
contraction. (gets shorter) The bicep is the antagonist and relaxes to
allow extension to occur.
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151
Sample exam answers – Movement
Using a sporting example e.g. throwing or kicking state how bones and
muscles link to cause movement. (5)
To go to the Throwing answer click here
Kicking.
The bones are joined at the knee by ligaments. The muscles are
attached across the knee by tendons. A muscle causes movement by
contracting . Kicking requires the leg to be moved in two directions so
two muscles are needed. These are the quadricep and hamstring.
To create flexion at the knee in readiness for the kick the hamstring is
the agonist and undergoes an isotonic concentric contraction. (gets
shorter) The quadricep is the antagonist and relaxes to allow flexion to
occur.
To create extension at the knee to allow the object to be kicked the
quadricep becomes the agonist, undergoing an isotonic concentric
contraction. (gets shorter) The hamstring is the antagonist and relaxes
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152
Sample exam answers - Health
What are the three components of health? (3)
Physical well being, social well being and mental well being.
Carbohydrate is one part of a balanced diet, name two others. (2)
Water, protein, fibre, fat, vitamins, minerals.
What is dehydration? (1)
When a persons body loses enough water to stop it working properly.
State two ways in which an athlete could ensure that they do not get
dehydrated. (2)
Drinking before the activity starts and regularly sipping liquid during.
Mesomorph is one somatotype, name two others. (2)
Ectomorph, Endomorph.
Which type of sport would suit an athlete with mesomorph and
ectomorph mix of body types? (1)
High jump, basketball, netball, 2nd row rugby.
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153
Sample exam answers - Fitness
What is fitness? (2)
The ability to meet the demands of your environment and still have
energy left for emergencies.
State two components of general fitness. (2)
Speed, strength, stamina, suppleness, somatotype.
State two components of specific fitness. (2)
Power, reaction time, agility, balance, timing.
State and explain an example of an athlete that would use dynamic
strength. (2)
A cyclist; requires repeated muscular contractions to power the bike.
State and explain an example of an athlete that would use explosive
strength. (2)
A weightlifter; applies maximum force to the weight quickly to lift it up.
State a fitness test that could be used for measuring stamina. (1)
Bleep test, harvard step test, cooper test.
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Sample exam answers - Training
Name the five principles of training. (5)
Specificity, progression, overload, reversibility, tedium.
Explain how FID contributes to overload. (3)
Frequency is working more often, Intensity is how hard you are
working, Duration is how long you are working. All of these are needed
to make your body work harder than normal.
What is specificity? (1)
Training a particular body part, in a particular way for a particular
activity.
What is reversibility? (1)
If you stop training you will lose the benefits.
What training method could an athlete use to develop endurance? (1)
Continuous
At what heart rate would an athlete work at to develop endurance? (1)
60% of max heart rate (MHR). MHR = 220 – age.
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Sample exam answers - Training
What are the benefits of using free weights rather than fixed weights?
(2)
Free weights develop synergist muscles as well as the targeted agonist.
What type of athlete would benefit from Fartlek training? (1)
A games player as it replicates the movements of a game.
Which type of training is most effective at improving flexibility? (1)
PNF (Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation) stretching.
What is interval training? (3)
Periods of work broken up with periods of rest. Short intervals develop
top speed and long intervals develop speed endurance. Suitable
training for sprinters and games players
Questions
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Sample exam answers - Drugs
Name two types of banned drug. (2)
Stimulants, anabolic steroids, diuretics, narcotic analgesics, blood
doping.
Which type of athlete may use anabolic steroids? (1)
An athlete wanting to build muscle e.g. sprinter or weightlifter.
What would they hope to gain by using them? (2)
An increase in muscular mass and quicker recovery between training
sessions.
What is blood doping and what type of athlete would use it? (4)
An athlete trains at altitude causing more red blood cells to be made.
Blood is then removed and frozen. The body recovers and makes more
blood. Prior to competition the blood is thawed out & reinjected.
Creates improved endurance due to more red blood cells able to carry
more oxygen. Used by marathon runners / endurance athletes.
Questions
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Sample exam answers – Factors
Affecting Performance & Participation
How do schools increase participation in physical activity? (4)
PE is compulsory, activities are suited to individual needs, teachers act
as positive role models, offer extra curricular clubs.
What benefits do organised sports clubs offer over a school extra
curricular club? (4)
More specialist, qualified coaches, skill level will be higher, more
competitive opportunities.
Why do people now have more time to participate in leisure activities?
(4)
More automated working, more labour saving devices, longer life
expectancy, more affluent (rich) society.
Questions
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Sample exam answers – Factors
Affecting Performance & Participation
How does a persons style of participation differ as they get older? (4)
Very young – concentrate on basic skills, late childhood – developing
knowledge about an activity, 20’s & 30’s – highest possible level of
performance, 40’s & 50’s more gentle for health benefits, over 50’s –
gentle to minimise the affects of ageing on the body.
What measures are taken to ensure that sport and physical activity are
able to be accessed by both men and women? (4)
Women only sessions.
Subsidised entry costs.
Creche facilities provided.
Funding offered to develop female sport.
Questions
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Sample exam answers – Social &
Cultural Factors.
Name two advantages to the sponsor of sponsoring a professional
sports performer. (2)
Publicity, association with sport, selling products due to association
with sports star.
Name two advantages to the athlete from being sponsored by a
commercial company. (2)
Money, free equipment, free services.
Name two sources of potential funding for sport in England. (2)
The government (DCMS) and the national lottery.
State two forms of media. (2)
TV, radio, internet, books, magazines, newspapers
Entertainment is one function of media, state two others. (2)
Informing, instructing, advertising.
Questions
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Sample exam answerss – Social &
Cultural Factors.
State and explain two negative influences of media on sport. (4)
TV companies dictate the start times of major sporting events to
coincide with peak TV audiences. This means that some events are
broadcast in the middle of the night if there is much interest from the
USA. TV companies do this as they have paid so much money for TV
rights.
The media can concentrate too much on a performers private life. This
puts too much pressure on them and they are sometimes unable to
perform.
State and explain two positive influences of media on sport. (4)
The sale of TV rights creates a great deal of money. This money can
then be used to develop the sport and improve facilities.
Publicity of a sport can encourage more people to attempt an activity.
Once people try an activity they may find that they like it and then
continue with it. This increases participation.
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Sample exam answers – Social &
Cultural Factors.
State and explain the advantages of a country hosting a major international
competition such as the olympic games. (5)
A country will have to develop new facilities for the event, this will lead to their
being more and better quality facilities for sport in the host country. Visitors to
the country will create wealth for the host country by buying goods and
services when they visit. This makes businesses more profitable. TV viewers
will see the country and may choose to visit, again boosting the host countries
economy.
State and explain the disadvantages of a country hosting a major international
competition such as the olympic games. (5)
A great deal of money needs to be invested before the event to build the
facilities, if the event is unsuccessful this money could be lost. Once specialist
facilities are built there may be little use for them after the event has finished.
An example would be a velodrome. Political organisations could try to use the
event to draw attention to a particular cause. This may make the country
seem unsafe and put potential visitors off.
Questions
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Sample exam answers – ICT in PE
State two advantages to using a video camera for analysing performance. (2)
Performances can be recorded and then watched over and over again.
Performances can be slowed down to focus in on a particular part of a persons
performance.
Explain how using ICT would help a PE teacher enhance their teaching of a
lesson. (3)
A teacher would be able to record children’s work to show them at a later
point. The teacher would also be able to use pictures or video footage to help
children improve their work. The teacher would also be able to assess their
work more effectively.
Give two examples of how ICT is helping sporting officials make the correct
decisions at important fixtures. (2)
TV replays are being used to decide if a ball crossed a line. E.g. Scoring a try in
rugby union. The officials are in contact via radio link so that assistant officials
can help the primary umpire make a decision. Digital cameras are used to
decide who won athletics races such as the 100m.
Questions
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