The Organization Of Matter

Transcript The Organization Of Matter

The Organization of Matter in the Universe or at least at H.R.H.S.

 Everything that has mass (weight) and volume (takes up space) is called matter.

The Particle Model

 A model is a simplified version of reality  The particle model is an example of a scientific model  Idea: Matter is not continuous but instead is made up of particles  Facts:     Matter is made up of extremely small particles These particles are in constant movement When the temperature increases so does this movement The particles are held together by forces of attraction

 The particle model is a scientific model based on the idea that matter is made up of small particles  This model helps explain how particles behave and are organized in the three states of matter

States of Matter

 Solid: Particles are very close together with strong forces of attraction (not a lot of space to move around)  This gives solids their definite structure and (generally) do not need a container to hold their shape and volume  Liquid: Particles still close together but the bonds are weaker than solids  Liquids have definite volume but indefinite form (take the shape of what they are in)

 Gaseous: Particles are very far apart and are not bound by forces of attraction  Take whatever space they are given- fill up a container, escape if opened

Particles in solid Particles in liquid Particles in gas

Matter



Atoms

(created by the Big Bang) are the smallest unit that makes up matter

 Elements are pure substances of only one

type of atoms

 Elements are arranged in the Periodic Table by their atomic number (the number of electrons OR protons inside the atom)

 The Periodic Table shows the chemical symbol of each atom e.g. Oxygen is O, Silver is Ag (Latin name is Argentium)  These symbols are universal (world wide)  The symbols are grouped in the Periodic Table by how they react chemically

 Insert periodic table

 A

molecule

is a group of atoms that are chemically bonded  e.g. A molecule of water (H 2 O) is made from a chemical bond between

2

atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of oxygen

Combining atoms to create molecules

Glucose molecule

 Molecules are represented by their chemical formulas.

 This shows the nature and the number of each atom that composes the molecule.

 Each atom is represented by its symbol from the periodic table.

 The number of each atom is written directly after the symbol. (the number 1 is not written) The symbol for hydrogen The number 2 = 2 H2O atoms of hydrogen in the molecule The symbol for oxygen The absence of a number = only 1 atom of oxygen in the molecule

 O2 2 x Oxygen molecules  C 6 H12O 6 6 x Carbon 12 x Hydrogen 6 x Oxygen

 CH4  CO2  Cl 2  NaCl 1 x carbon, 4 x hydrogen 1 x carbon, 2 x oxygen 2 chlorine 1 sodium, 1 chlorine

 Matter is divided into two broad categories: pure substances and mixtures.

 A

pure substance

has only one type of particle regardless of whether they are atoms or molecules

Pure Substances

Matter

 An

element

type of atoms is a substance made from one  E.g. A block of pure gold contains nothing but gold atoms (Au)

Pure Substances Elements

Matter

One Element (Gas) e.g. He at

21

 C The Same Element (Solid) e.g. He at-272  C

Another element This one likes to bond in pairs as a gas (molecules) e.g. O 2

 A

compound

is a pure substance formed by combining two or more different atoms .

 E.g. Table salt (NaCl) is sodium and chlorine.

 Compounds can be separated into their individual elements.

 E.g. Water (H2O) can be broken down into hydrogen and oxygen using a process called electrolysis

This is a COMPOUND of two different elements

Matter

Pure Substances Elements Compounds

Mixtures

: Two or more substances that: 1) Are not chemically combined with each other 2) Can be separated by physical means (ex. filtration). Substances in a mixture keep their individual properties.

Matter

Pure Substances Elements Compounds

Mixtures

Two Categories of Mixtures:

1) Heterogeneous Mixture

– the substances of the mixture have visible differences Examples: orange juice with pulp, fruit salad, salsa

*** hetero = different ***

Matter

Pure Substances

Mixtures

Elements Compounds Heterogeneous

2) Homogeneous Mixture

– the substances have no visible differences and disperse evenly Examples: tap water, salt water, air, orange juice without pulp, and skim milk.

*** homo = the same or similar ***

Matter

Pure Substances

Mixtures

Elements Compounds Heterogeneous Homogeneous

Is it a Heterogeneous or Homogeneous Mixture?

To determine if a mixture is a homogeneous mixture or heterogeneous mixture we look to see if there are visible differences in the mixture.

Heterogeneous (different) = Visible differences Homogeneous (same) = No Visible differences

Would the following be considered a heterogeneous or homogeneous mixture?

1) water homogeneous 2) air 3) vegetable soup 5) beach sand homogeneous heterogeneous 4) coffee (with & without milk) homogeneous heterogeneous 6) salsa heterogeneous

Types of Homogeneous Mixtures

 While homogeneous mixtures appear to be uniform using the naked eye, when a microscope is use we can see there are actually two types of homogeneous mixtures:  A colloid is a homogeneous mixture with at least two different substances that can be distinguished under magnification  A solution is a homogeneous mixture in which it is impossible to distinguish the parts even with magnification

Vote using your fingers: 1 = element, 2 = Compound, 3 = Mixture