Transcript Physical Environment - Salisbury Composite High School

SPORTS MEDICINE 20
REC 1020:
Injury Management 1
Definition of Sports Medicine
An area of health & special services that applies
medical and scientific knowledge to:
Prevent
 Recognize
 Manage
 Rehabilitate

Injuries and illnesses related to sport, exercise or
recreation activity
Members of a Sports Medicine Team
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Physicians & Athletic Trainers primarily responsible
for the health and safety of sports participants
Essential to the prevention & care of sports injuries
Educate & counsel sport participants to prevent
chronic injuries
Code of Ethics of an Athletic Therapist
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Respect the rights, welfare & dignity of all individuals
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Comply with local, provincial and federal & institutional
guidelines
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Maintain & promote high standards in the provision of
their services
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Do not engage in conduct that could be construed as a
conflict of interest
Toolbox Item
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Why is this code so important to follow as an
Athletic Trainer?
 Give
3 reasons.
Observing as a Fan or Athletic Trainer?

Fans enjoy the excitement of the game
 They
can enjoy the collisions, speed and complexity of
the game from a purely entertainment point of view

Athletic Trainers must observe the game from a
more clinical approach
 Anticipating
collisions
 Looking for potentially dangerous situations that arise
 Mechanism of injury is very important in determining
what has happened to an athlete
Liability Issues for Athletic Trainers
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Informed consent & participant risks
Duty to properly assess the athlete’s condition
Duty to properly provide or refer the athlete for
medical treatment
Duty to ensure that there has been proper
clearance for the athlete to participate or to return
to participation and that the athlete has been
properly advised of any risks of participation
Toolbox Item
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What are the consequences of not paying attention
to Liability Issues as an Athletic Trainer?
 Provide
at least 2 consequences.
 Outline
the severity of each consequence.
Pre Participation Medical Info Form

Having a medical completed by athletes reveals
any major concerns with health that an athlete may
have before starting
 Football
Medicals provide our training staff vital info
about an ahtletes’ medical states before competition

Having Par Q forms helps inform Athletic Therapists
about pre existing conditions that participants may
have by completing a Questionnaire
 The
Par Q form you all filled out give Oluchi an idea of
your history.
 It also helps with Liability Issues
Toolbox Item

What do we do at Salisbury to cover this area?
 Think
Wellness Center as well as any other
participation class.
Safety of playing areas
Ensure that:
 the playing area is level, firm and free from
obstructions (for example, holes or exposed
sprinkler heads)
 permanent fixtures such as goal posts are padded,
flexible and highly visible
 there is adequate lighting if playing at night
 perimeter fences are well back from the playing
area
 spectators are kept well away from the playing
area.
Facility Assessment

Use the information from the previous slide to assess
the following facilities in the school and area.
 Wellness
Center
 Large Gym
 Football Field or Baseball Diamond
Check that protective equipment:
is worn by participants during training and
competition
 fits the participant correctly
 is regularly checked and maintained
 is specific and appropriate for the sport, size and
age of the participant
 is being used according to the manufacturer’s
guidelines and the recommendations of the
governing sporting body.
What do we do at Salisbury with our Equipment?

Factors affecting athletes

An athletic therapist must know how the following
factors affect athletes:
 Weather
 Hypothermia
 Hyperthermia
 Clothing
protection
 Rinks/ pools
In hot or humid conditions:
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Encourage participants to wear loose, lightweight,
light-coloured clothing made from a natural fibre
Avoid intense activity in hot or humid conditions and
monitor participants carefully for signs of heat
illness.
Help participants avoid sunburn by encouraging
them to slip on a t-shirt, slop on some sunscreen and
slap on a hat.
Encourage participants to drink plenty of fluid
before the activity begins and schedule regular
drink breaks during the activity.
In cold and/or wet conditions:
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Encourage participants to wear clothing
appropriate for cold conditions (for example, dress
in layers to trap heat, wear gloves and a hat to
reduce heat loss).
Avoid participants standing exposed to the cold for
long periods.
Encourage participants to change wet clothing as
soon as practicable.
Alternative venues (for example, indoors) should
also be considered, to ensure the safety and
wellbeing of participants.
The environment can lead to injury

For example:
Cool wet weather (hypothermia)
 Warm humid weather (hyperthermia)
 Lightning or tornados
 Carbon monoxide poisoning (rinks)
 Chlorine leakage (pools)
 Sunburn
 Other examples????

What do we do at Salisbury with regard to some
of these environmental issues?
What is normal?
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Normal body temperature is 37.5 C
Any variation of the norm can be extremely
dangerous and can result in death!
Hyperthermia and hypothermia are two conditions
an Athletic Therapist must be aware of.
Stages of Hyperthermia

There are 3 categories of increasing severity:
 Heat
illness
 Heat exhaustion
 Heat Stroke
Causes of heat emergencies
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High temperatures or humidity
Prolonged or excessive exercise
Medications/ alcohol use
Track and field/ football/ fun runs
Playing with a fever
Dehydration
Excessive clothing
CV disease/ sweat gland dysfunction
Whirlpools/ saunas
Heat Illness (early stage)

signs and symptoms
 Profuse
sweating
 Fatigue
 Thirst
 Muscle
cramps
Heat Exhaustion (late stage)

signs and symptoms
 Headache
 Dizziness
 Light
headedness
 Weakness
 Nausea
 Vomiting
 Cool moist skin
 Dark urine
Heat Stroke (good luck stage)

signs and
symptoms
Fever
 Irrational behavior
 Extreme confusion
 Dry hot red skin
 Rapid shallow breathing
 Rapid weak pulse
 Seizures
 unconsciousness

What to do in case of Emergency

How should an Athletic Therapist handle these
situations?
•Water (1/2 cups per 15
min)
•Gatorade
•Salty drink (1 tsp salt per
quart of water
Handling Emergencies (con’t)

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For cramps – massage gently, but firmly until they
relax
If signs of shock/ cyanosis/ decreased alertness,
confused/ seizures/ loss of consciousness/ or person
does not improve or gets worse--- All 911
immediately!
Some DO NOT’s
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DO NOT underestimate the seriousness of heat
illness especially if the person is a child, elderly or
injured.
DO NOT give the person medications to treat fever
(aspirin, acetaminophen) which may actually cause
harm.
DO NOT give person salt tablets/ alcohol/ caffeine
DO NOT give anything by mouth if person is
vomiting or loss of consciousness
Hypothermia
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Hypothermia is dangerously low
body temperature (below 35 C)
It occurs when body loses more
heat than it can generate
Can be FATAL!
Cause of Cold Emergencies
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Being outside without enough protective clothing in the
winter
Wearing wet clothing in windy or cold weather
Swimming pools or ocean/ falling overboard from
boat into cold water
Heavy exertion, not drinking enough fluids, not eating
enough in cold weather
Cross country or downhill skiing/ hockey
Soccer/ rugby (wet/ windy sidelines)
Does not have to be cold weather
Signs and Symptoms
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Drowsiness
Weakness
Loss of coordination
Confusion
Pale and cold skin
Slowed breathing/ heart rate
Uncontrollable shivering (shivering may stop at
extremely low body temperatures)
What to do in case of Emergency
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If any symptoms are present, especially
unconsciousness, confusion or changes in mental
status, immediately call 911 and perform the ABC’s
(airways, breathing, and circulation)
Take person inside to room temperature and
insulate them with warm blankets, if outdoors
insulate from ground and cover head and neck to
retain heat.
What to do… (con’t)
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Remove wet or constricting clothing and replace with
dry clothing
Warm person – use warm compresses to neck, chest
wall, groin, if necessary use your own body heat to
warm person
If alert and can swallow, have
them sip
warm sweetened fluids
Some DO NOTS…
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DO NOT assume that someone found motionless in
the cold is already dead
DO NOT use direct heat (hot water, heating pad,
heat lamp) to warm person
DO NOT give the person alcohol
Frostbite
Frostbite
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Frostbite is damage to the skin and underlying
tissues caused by extreme cold over a period of
time
A person with frostbite may also be subject to
hypothermia
Check for hypothermia and treat that first
Frostbite Signs & Symptoms
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Hands, feet, nose and ears are most vulnerable
Hard pale and cold quality of skin exposed to cold
for length of time
Area lacks sensitivity to touch, although there may
be aching pain
As area thaws, flesh becomes red and very painful,
tingling, burning
Some DO NOT’s …
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DO NOT thaw an area if it cannot be kept thawed
 Re-freeze
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may make damage worse
DO NOT use direct heat (radiator, campfire, heating
pad, hair dryer) to thaw area
DO NOT rub or massage affected area
DO NOT disturb blisters on skin
DO NOT smoke or drink alcohol during recovery
Frostbite Treatment
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Warm the affected area with body heat, but avoid
rubbing the area—it can damage tissue.
Don’t use hot water or other external heat sources,
which could cause burns.
Wrap with warm, dry clothing.
Get to a warm shelter.
Drink hot liquids.
Get medical attention.
Emergency Action Plan

A plan that is in place in case EMS has to be
activated
 Each
Plan should have a designated way for EMS to
access the injured athlete [A map can be helpful]
 Each plan should have someone designated as a CALL
PERSON
 The
CALL PERSON calls EMS & Waits at the EMS meeting
point to guide EMS to the injured athlete
 Each
plan should have someone designated as a
CHARGE PERSON
 The
CHARGE PERSON waits with the injured athlete, taking
charge of the injured athlete and providing ongoing care
for the athlete
Injury Categories

Life Threatening
 Activate
EMS
 Activate Emergency Action Plan
 Provide immediate emergency first aid
 Continue

Serious
 Provide

until EMS arrives
immediate emergency first aid
Non Life Threatening
 Evaluate
and treat as time allows
Evaluate Injury Scenarios

Differentiate between injury
categories
 Life
Threatening
 Provide
2 examples of what kind of injuries these might be
 Serious
 Provide
 Non
2 examples of what kind of injuries these might be
Life Threatening
 Provide
2 examples of what kind of injuries these might be
WHEN WOULD MEDICAL REFERRAL BECOME
NECESSAY?
Injury Categories

Acute
 Occur
suddenly during activity
 Examples

include: Ankle Sprains, Bone Fracture, etc
Chronic
 Occur
as a result of overusing an area
 Often an athlete will ignore signs the body is giving
them telling them something is wrong
 Often athletes will play through minor injuries without
getting treatment on them after resulting in a chronic
injury

Recurrent
 Injury
re occurs after an athlete recovers from the injury
 Usually
the athlete did not completely finished treatment
Examples of different Injuries

Provide one example of each of the following
injuries:
 Acute
Injury
 Chronic Injury
 Recurrent Injury
Mechanisms of Injury

Direct Blow
A
Force is applied to a part of the body
 Causes

Torsion
 Load
application with axial rotation
 Force

beaks and contusions (Internal Bleeding)
onto twisting
Shearing
 One
part of the body is going one way overtop of
another part of the body going the other way
 ACL
injuries are quite often shearing
 Brain injuries are quite often shearing

Bending & Twisting of Bones
 An
Athlete gets bent over and something gives
Examples of Mechanisms of Injuries

Give two examples of each of the 4 Mechanisms of
injury:
 Direct
Blow
 Torsion
 Shearing
 Bending and Twisting of bones
Phases of the Injury Cycle

Inflammatory Phase
 SHARP
accronym:
 Swelling-Heat-Altered
Fucntion-Redness-Pain
 Natural response of the body to protect the injury site

Repair & Regeneration Phase
 Body
starts to grow new tissue and repairs damaged
tissue
 New tissue is easily reinjured

Remodelling Phase
 Retraining
the injured part through controlled full
movements
 New
tissue needs to be trained
 Scar tissue needs to released
Roles & Responsibilities of Athletic First Aider
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Prevent
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Recognize
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Recognize injuries
 Correct diagnosis
Manage
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Assessment of athletes strengths & weaknesses
Program design to prevent injury
Take care of immediate injury situations
Rehabilitate
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Follow through with care after initial diagnosis
and management of injury
 Plan for a healthy recovery of athlete from
injury
Bones of the Ankle
Anatomy of an Inversion Ankle Sprain
Bones of the Wrist/Hand