Transcript Learning Styles Workshop - The State University of Zanzibar

Learning Domains
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COURSE
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COURSE INSTRUCTOR
SAID A.S.YUNUS
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Bloom’s Taxonomy
A Focus on Higher Level
Thinking Skills
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Background
Benjamin Bloom (1913-1999)
In 1956, Benjamin Bloom, a professor at the University
of Chicago, shared his famous "Taxonomy of
Educational Objectives".
He later categorized learning into three domains:
cognitive, affective and psycho-motor
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Three Learning Domains
Bloom’s taxonomies are well known
for dividing categories of learning
into the cognitive, affective, and
psychomotor domains. The cognitive
domain involves the learning and
application
of
knowledge.
The
affective domain addresses the
acquisition of attitudes and values,
and the psychomotor domain involves
development of the body and skills it
performs.
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Domain Taxonomies
A taxonomy classifies information into a
hierarchy of levels. Domain taxonomies
reveal that what educators want students
to accomplish (expressed by educational
objectives) can be arranged into levels of
complexity, and that those levels are best
fulfilled sequentially.
Example: The food guide
pyramid is a taxonomy of
levels based on number
of servings, or relative
contribution
of
a
particular food group to
www.ncagr.com/agscool/
total
food intake.
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Cognitive Domain
The cognitive domain involves the
learning and application of knowledge.
The taxonomy contains six levels that
can be remembered by the following
mnemonic device:
Knowledge
Comprehension
Application
Analysis
Synthesis
B. Bloom, ed., Taxonomy of educational objectives,
handbook I: Cognitive domain. NewEvaluation
York: McKay, 1956.
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Kickball
Can
Almost
Always
Seem
Enjoyable
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Cognitive Domain Levels
Level
Description
Knowledge
To recall or recognize information
in some pre-arranged form.
Verbs
Objective
Define
List
Define levels of
cognitive domain.
Comprehen- To understand meaning of
sion
information based on prior
learning.
Describe
Explain
Interpret
Explain purpose of
cognitive domain.
Application
To utilize information to complete
a task with limited direction.
Compute
Solve
Use
Write objective for
levels of cognitive
domain.
Analysis
To classify and relate assumptions
or evidence.
Contrast
Examine
Compare cognitive &
affective domains.
Synthesis
To integrate or combine ideas into
a new product or plan.
Design
Develop
Organize
Design way to write
objectives that
combines 3 domains.
Evaluation
Critique idea based on specific
standards and criteria.
Appraise
Judge
Justify
Judge effectiveness of
writing objectives
using taxonomy.
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Cognitive Domain Levels
Research over the last 40 years has confirmed the
taxonomy as a hierarchy, with the exception of the
last two levels. It is uncertain whether synthesis and
evaluation should be reversed, or whether synthesis
and evaluation are at the same level of difficulty,
but use different cognitive processes.
Creative Thinking
Synthesis
Critical Thinking
Evaluation
Analysis
Application
Comprehension
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Knowledge
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Bloom's Revised Taxonomy
• Lorin Anderson, a former student of
Bloom, revised the cognitive domain in
the learning taxonomy in the midnineties and made some changes, with
perhaps the two most prominent ones
being, 1) changing the names in the
six categories from noun to verb
forms, and 2) slightly rearranging
them
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Bloom's Revised Taxonomy
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Bloom's Revised Taxonomy
Level
Description
Verbs
Objective
Remembering
Recall previous
learned information.
Understanding
Rewrites the principles
Comprehending the
comprehends,
meaning of problems. converts, defends, of test writing
Applying
Use a concept in a
new situation
applies, changes,
computes,
Analyzing
Distinguishes
between facts and
inferences.
analyzes, breaks
Recognize logical
down, compares,
fallacies in reasoning
contrasts, diagram
Evaluating
Make judgments
about the value of
ideas or materials.
appraises,
compares,
concludes,
Creating
Builds a structure or categorizes,
pattern from diverse combines,
elements
compiles,
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defines, describes, Recite a policy.
identifies,
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Use a manual to
calculate time
Select the most
effective solution
Design a machine to
perform a specific
task.
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Affective Domain
The affective domain addresses the
acquisition of attitudes and values.
The taxonomy contains five levels
that can be remembered by the
following mnemonic device:
Receiving
Responding
Valuing
Organization
Characterization
Krathwohl, D., et al. (1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives,
handbook II: Affective domain. New York: McKay.
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Regular
Rude
vices
Offend
Christ
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Affective Domain Levels
Level
Description
Verbs
Objective
Receiving
Being aware of, or attending to
something in the environment.
Listen
Notice
Tolerate
Listen attentively to
badminton
introduction.
Responding
Showing some new behavior as
a result of experience.
Comply
Enjoy
Follow
Voluntarily help set
up badminton nets.
Valuing
Showing some definite
involvement or commitment.
Carry out
Express
Attend optional
badminton match.
Organization
Integrating a new value into
one's general set of values
relative to other priorities.
Choose
Consider
Prefer
Purchase own
badminton racket.
Characterization
Acting consistently with the
new value; person is known by
the value.
Act on
Depict
Exemplify
Join intramurals to
play badminton twice
per week.
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Psychomotor Domain
The psychomotor domain involves
development of the body and skills it
performs. The taxonomy contains
seven levels that can be remembered
by the following mnemonic device:
Perceiving
Premium
Patterning
Pandas
Accommodating Acquire
Refining
Rare
Varying
Value
Improvising
In
Composing
China
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Psychomotor Domain Levels
Level
Description
Verbs
Objective
Perceiving
Recognizing movement
position or pattern.
Listen
Observe
Discover headstand
movement principles.
Patterning
Reproducing movement
position or pattern.
Imitate
Practice
Perform headstand
following modeling.
Accommodating
Using or modifying
Adjust
movement position or pattern. Modify
Use headstand in
routine.
Refining
Demonstrating efficient
control in performing pattern.
Perform headstand
with pointed toes.
Varying
Performing movement pattern Design
in different ways.
Develop
Perform headstand in
three positions.
Improvising
Originating novel movement
or movement combinations.
Construct
Invent
Combine headstand
with new skill.
Composing
Creating unique movement
pattern.
Create
Invent
Create floor exercise
routine.
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Improve
Master
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Syllabus
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Meaning of Syllabus
• A syllabus is an outline of the topics to
be covered and each subject has its
own syllabus.
• A syllabus outlines the content to be
taught to different classes, the depth,
suggested activities, the mode of
formative evaluation and the general
objectives of each topic.
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Cont..
• The syllabus serves many purposes
for the students and the teacher,
the main ones are: providing a roadmap of course
organization
 direction,
 materials to be covered and
 the resources needed.
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Cont..
• This information is required in the
preparation of the scheme of work.
• We normally use the syllabus to guide
us in the preparation of a scheme of
work since it gives us an overview of
the content, general objectives of
teaching each topic and a guide of the
learning resources required.
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Scheme of
Work
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Scheme of Work
• A scheme of work is a plan made by the
teachers.
• It enables them to implement a syllabus
as required by the Ministry of Education.
• It is intended to help you project your
teaching activities for the term or the
year. Before you prepare a scheme of
work the following information and
resources must be gathered.
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Cont..
• Number of lessons per week for each of
the subjects.
• Time allocated for lessons 40 or 35
minutes or 1 hour.
• Duration of the lessons, single or double
lessons.
• Length of the term 10, 12 or 14 weeks
• Facilities available i.e. classroom or
laboratory for sciences
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Cont…
• Size of the class
• Classes you will teach Form 1,2,3 or
4
• Previous topic taught
• Record of work
• Term dates i.e. end of term, half
term, sports day, public holidays,
exams,
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Cont…
• Resources i.e. reference books at
least 4 different ones, teaching aids,
• ensure laboratories have resources
needed for practical lessons
• Availability of resources
• Provision for field trips, excursions
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Components of a Scheme of
Work
• A standard scheme of work should have
the following essential components:
• Term, subject, class and number of
weeks. These should be outside the
table
• Week, date, lesson, topic, sub-topic,
competences, learning objectives,
teaching /learning activities, learning
resources, references and remarks.
These should be inside the table.
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Cont…
• Once the scheme of work is
completed the next aspect of
planning is the preparation of lesson
plans.
• The scheme of work becomes the
guide line for lesson planning.
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Lesson Plan
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Meaning
• A lesson plan is a design which shows
how the elements of the lesson are
systematically organized and
sequenced for presented over a
period of time.
• A lesson plan is a framework of a
lesson in which teachers make
decisions in advance about what
techniques, activities and materials
will be used in the class.
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Cont…
• Lesson plans should be detailed
enough to guide your teaching.
• As a teacher you must have a lesson
plan for every lesson.
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Cont…
• There are different types of lesson
plans a theory, a practical, a quiz, a
revision, a field or excursion.
According to the list lesson plans
should be tailor made to suit the
lesson.
• However, what constitutes a good
lesson plan varies in the minds of
educators.
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Importance of Lesson Plan
• Proper lesson planning is essential for
both novice and experienced teachers.
• Unprepared teachers receive much less
trust and cooperation from the pupils.
• There is a common misconception that
experienced teachers needn’t do lesson
planning. Though the contents may be
the same, pupils are different, the time
is different, so is the mood.
experienced teachers also need
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plan lessonsED 1203: INTRODUCTION
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Elements of A Lesson Plan
• Elements of a lesson plan are listed
below.
• Subject , Class , Date , Topic , Time of
the lesson , Sub-topic , competence,
Objectives of the lessons , Resources ,
References, Timing of the stages ,
lesson development, Stages, time for
each stage, pupils’ evaluation, pupils’
work, teacher’s evaluation and self
reflection.
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Thank You
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