Transcript BIENVENUE

WELCOME
Implementing Peace
Operations
Presented by
Brigadier General (Ret’d) Robin Gagnon
[email protected]
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
A new era for Peace Operations
New military roles
A different reality is now emerging
Military needs
How contributing nations define their options
Roles of the Force Commander
Command and Control structures
A typical Commander’s challenge
PEACE OPERATIONS
A NEW ERA

The Military no longer owns the ‘’battlefield’’

Military and nation-building operations are no longer sequential.
They now overlap

The military cannot produce the end-state. All it can do is to
create the conditions on which peace has to be built

Civilian and military activities need to be synchronized

Neutrality and consent are no longer absolute concepts

Belligerents include non-state actors

Civilian populations have become a target of choice
PEACE OPERATIONS
A NEW ERA
In addition to maintaining peace and
security, peacekeepers are increasingly
charged with assisting in political processes,
reforming justice systems, training lawenforcement and police forces, and
disarming former combatants.
UNNY / DPKO
September 2006
PEACE OPERATIONS
A NEW ERA
The risk
To loose public support
The challenge
Avoid a spiral by which harsh living conditions fuel instability
PEACE OPERATIONS
A NEW ERA
“(The Security Council) emphasizes that the biggest
deterrent to violent conflict is addressing the root
causes of conflict”
UNSC 1327
14 Nov 2000
NEW MILITARY ROLES
Roles
Primary
Supporting
Security & Stability
X
Disarmament & Demobilization
X
Training & Professionalization
X
Reconstruction
X*
X
Humanitarian Ops
X*
X
Electoral Ops
X
* By exception
UN PEACEKEEPING DOCTRINE
Article 121
The first months after a ceasefire or peace accord
are often the most critical for establishing a stable
peace and bolstering the credibility of a new
operation.
Opportunities lost during this period are hard to
regain.
Novembre 2007 Edition
CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH
CIVIL-MILITARY SYNERGY
Toronto Star Editorial
People in Kandahar, where Canadian troops are
fighting Taliban insurgents, should not have to wait
months or years for a health station or a well. The
message that sends is that things are no better than
before. That plays into the insurgents' hands.
24 January 2008
THE EMERGENCE
OF A NEW REALITY
Military and nation-building campaigns can no longer be
executed in parallel. They must be embedded into a
comprehensive plan.
To synchronize the following lines of operations is a huge
challenge:
Military
 Diplomatic
 Humanitarian
 Socio-economics
 Judicial / Police

MILITARY EXPECTATIONS
Clear mandate
*
Clear political guidances
*
Clear end-state
Means compatible with the ends
*
Joint military & political planning
*
Unity of efforts (3xD / UN / NGOs)
Robust intelligence
*
Robust rules of engagement
*
* Brahimi Report, UNSC 1723
CIVIL-MILITARY SYNERGY
A CHALLENGING TASK
‘‘’That’s why US Secretary of Defense … is right when
he calls for the non-military agencies to get their act
together in the battle for hearts and minds. He has
presided over an expansion of the military’s role … out
of frustration to fill the vacuum not filled by other
agencies.’’
W. Arkin, Washington Post, 25 jan 2008
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
A new Peace Operations environment
New military roles
An new reality is now emerging
Military needs
How contributing nations define their options
Roles of the Force Commander
Command and Control structures
A typical Commander’s challenge
CONTRIBUTING NATIONS
DEFINING THEIR OPTIONS
Determinants
• Domestic considerations
• Foreign policy
• National interests
• Values and attitudes
• Diplomatic bargaining
• Media and public pressures
• Economic and financial considerations
CONTRIBUTING NATIONS
DEFINING THEIR OPTIONS
Dependant on which determinants are at play, it has
often been seen that the military contribution does
not coincide harmoniously with in-theatre
geopolitical and military requirements, such as:
•Force structures
•Rules of engagement
•National caveats
•Mission objectives and duration
CANADA’s FOREIGN & DEFENCE
POLICIES
ENDURING THEMES
Themes:
Protecting our own security
Protecting our own prosperity
Protecting and projecting Canadian values
Fundamental correlation:
Canada’s security and prosperity are influenced by global
stability
MISSION DURATION
TWO CONCEPTS
End-State or End-Date ?
End-State: Does aim at shaping the outcome of a
conflict
End-Date: Dwells on participating more than on
shaping the outcome
RESOLUTION / UNSCR 1123
The Security Council decides … to establish the
United Nations Transition Force in Haiti… in order to
assist the Government of Haiti by supporting and
contributing to the professionalization
of the Haitian National Police …
The Security Council decides that the security
element of UNTMIH, under the authority of the
Force Commander, will ensure the safety and
freedom of movement of those United Nations
Personnel implementing the mandate ...
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
A new Peace Operations environment
New military roles
An new reality is now emerging
Military needs
How contributing nations define their options
Roles of the Force Commander
Command and Control structures
A typical Commander’s challenge
FORCE COMMANDER’s ROLES
Primary: To design and execute a military response
to a crisis which is compatible with geopolitical
realities
Secondary:
• Advise strategic authorities on military affairs
• Support non-military lines of activities
FORCE COMMANDER’S ROLE
Accountability Framework
Accountable to:
SRSG
UNNY
Responsive to:
Lead Nation
Contributing Nations
Host Nations
Diplomatic community
UN community
Humanitarian community
Own National authorities
CONTROL STRUCTURES
Two Models
Uni-national
International
Albania (FMP) 1997 (IT)
East Timor 1999 (AUS)
Afghanistan 2001-05 (USA)
Haiti 1997 (UN)
Kosovo 1999 (NATO)
Macedonia 2003 (EU)
Sudan 2007-09 (AU/UN)
LEAD NATION CONCEPT
Generic Tasks

Provide the backbone of the Force structure

Co-ordinate theatre level services (medical, logistics …)

Contribute financially to the mission

Establish theatre level MOUs with Host Nations

Exercise mission leadership:
- Military
- Political
LEAD NATION CONCEPT
The Lead nation concept should be restricted
to the Uni-National Control model
The issue:
The Lead nation interferes with political control
owned by an international organization
Consequences:



Risks of duplication of authority
Risks of duplication of accountability
Risks fo friction, confusion and lack of cohérence
LEAD NATION CONCEPT
The European Distinction
Lead Nation
Framework Nation
Political Direction
Military Direction
X
X
X
MANDATE INTERPRETATION
LONG TERM OBJECTIVES
To achieve a level of political stability
conducive to nation building
To assist the Government of Haiti (GOH)
in developing its institutions;
To assist the GOH in the conception and
the implementation of a long term socioeconomic development plan.
MANDATE INTERPRETATION
SHORT TERM OBJECTIVES
Explicit. To assist the GOH in developing an
efficient and responsible national police force
Implicit. To assist in the maintenance of the
the stability achieved through previous missions,
within the parameters of approved ROEs
HAITI 1997
MILITARY END-STATE
The military end-state will be achieved when
all forms of security tasks will have ceased
without prejudice to the stability of Haiti
HAITI 1997
RULES OF ENGAGEMENT
To protect mission members
 To enforce freedom of movement
 To protect mission critical equipment
 To protect designated persons
 To protect any human being (non UN)

HAITI 1997
THE ISSUES

To protect designated persons

To protect any human being (non UN)

To protect mission critical equipment

Mandate interpretation – Security and
Stability
IN RETROSPECT
Actors
Defence
Success
Failure
X
Dévelopment
Consequences: Back to square one !
X
CONCLUSION
There are no military solutions
Military missions must always be embedded into a
long term comprehensive strategic plan
Synergy among various actors (3 x D) is vital to
mission success
A strategic plan which remains short of eliminating
the root causes of a conflict is an ill-conceived plan
[email protected]