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Strategic Management Leveraging Individual Strategic Thinking © to Produce Superior Organizational Performance by Alan W. Kennedy February 2015 © 2015 Alan W. Kennedy on behalf of Schulich Executive Education Centre (SEEC). All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, photocopying or otherwise, without written permission of the copyright holder. © © Module 1 Course Introduction © About the Presenter Alan Kennedy B.A. LLB. CMC Alan is a founding partner of Gibson Kennedy & Company, a Toronto consulting firm offering Canadian clients strategy counsel and competitive research services since 1990. Gibson Kennedy is the authorized correspondent in Canada for Kaiser Associates Inc., a Washington-based consultancy offering global competitive research services to North American based clients. Alan’s practice focuses exclusively on matters of strategy and capital projects planning and communication. Alan has extensive governance experience developed from attendance at more than © 500 board meetings. Alan has been teaching Strategic Management for the Schulich Executive Education Centre since 1992. Alan is a member of the faculty for Management I, a one week course for new managers, and the Insurance Industry Leadership Program. Alan is a frequent speaker on matters of strategy, risk, and project management of major capital projects. Alan ’ s book, The Alpha Strategies – Understanding Strategy, Risk, and Values in Any Organization, listed as a Kirkus Best Books of 2013, is available at online retailers everywhere and at www.thealphastrategies.com Alan is a Honor Roll CMC member of the Canadian Association of Management Consultants. Alan received his degrees from Dalhousie University and served as Senior Vice President & General Counsel for both Oxford Development Group and Campeau Corporation and as a member of the Board of Directors for both companies. © Table of Contents Day One: Situation Analysis Module 1: Course Introduction 1 – 1 – 27 Module 2: Getting Ready to Plan 1 – 28 – 39 Module 3: Internal Assessment 1 – 40 – 50 Module 4: External Assessment 1 – 51 – 60 Day Two: Strategic Planning Module 1: Course Introduction 2 – 1 – 27 Module 2: Getting Ready to Plan 2 – 28 – 39 Module 3: Internal Assessment 2 – 40 – 53 Module 4: External Assessment © 2 – 54 – 71 Day Three: Business Planning Module 1: Strategic Plan Review 3 – 3 – 19 Module 2: Expectations of the Strategic Plan 3 – 20 – 35 Module 3: Impact of the Strategic Plan 3 – 36 – 46 Module 4: Business Plan Strategy Development 3 – 47 – 55 Schedules English Bay Situation Analysis Schedule “A” Tarion Strategic Plan Schedule “B” Goldstone Branch Business Plan Schedule “C” Bibliography Schedule “D” © Your Expectations © - © Course Objectives 1. How to prepare and to evaluate a situation analysis 2. How to prepare and to evaluate a strategic plan © 3. How to prepare and to evaluate a business plan © Module 1 Course Introduction Topics 1. An overview of the course and content for each day Deliverables The 12 modules 2. The strategy model The 8 strategies 3 types of strategy © Origins of the strategy system model 3. Overview of strategy development process The 4 types of expectations driving strategy development The 3 steps in strategy development 4. Definition of major terms to be used in the course © Course Deliverables Day 1 1. Course Overview Produce a Situation Analysis © Day 2 Produce a Strategic Plan Day 3 Produce a Business Plan © Definitions 1. Course Overview Situation Analysis The knowledge base to support strategy decisions Strategic Plan A review of the 8©strategies common to all organizations Business Plan An alignment of functional activities with expectations created by the strategic plan © Strategy Planning in 12 Steps 1. Course Overview 1. Choice of Planning Process: Should we be doing strategic planning or business planning? Situation Analysis 2. Scoping Expectations: Have we assessed the expectations for strategic planning? 3. Internal Assessment: Do we truly understand the what’s, how’s and why’s of our current strategy? 4. External Assessment: What factors in the external environment must we truly understand? 5. The Situation Analysis Review: Do we have enough understanding to support informed decisions? Strategic Planning 6. Issue Development: Are we able to connect external factors to the strategy framework? © 7. Strategic Issue Identification: Are we able to develop scenarios to identify possible strategic issues? 8. Strategic Plan Communication: Have we described the likely “what” and “when” impact of change? 9. Strategic Plan Review: Do we understand the strategic plan and how it is likely to impact us? Business Planning 10. Expectations Impact: Can we identify the impact of strategic plan expectations on functional activities? 11. Expectations Testing: Are the strategic plan expectations consistent with competitive reality ? 12. Strategy Implementation: How are new expectations (if any) to be integrated with ongoing responsibilities? © The 4 Steps of Situation Analysis Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Identify Type of Planning Required Identify CEO / Board Expectations Conduct Internal Assessment Conduct External Assessment Confirm Responsibility for all 8 Strategies Identify Authority Group Convert 8 Strategies to Org Design Identify What Management Knows Assess Appetite for Change Evaluate Activity Strengths/Weaknesses Separate Need to Know from Nice to Know Prepare Scope for Planning Project Use Evaluation to Identify External Factors Study Factors for Actionable Information © If less than 8, Go to Business Planning © Step Objective 1. Course Overview 1. Choice of Planning Process: Should we be doing strategic planning or business planning? Identify Type of Planning Required Confirm Authority for all 8 Strategies Identify CEO / Board © Expectations Conduct Internal Assessment Conduct External Assessment Identify Authority Group Assess Appetite for Change Prepare Scope for Planning Project © 8 Strategies are Common to all Organizations 2. The Strategy Model © © The starting point for all strategy 2: The Strategy Model The 8 Strategy Model Strategy General Description Business Definition / Mandate Focus on positioning the business / interpreting mandate parameters Risk Focus on the unacceptable and ways to manage it Growth © rate of growth Focus on type and Financial Management Focus on sourcing, allocation, and management of capital & revenues R&D / Technology Focus on the creation and/or use of intellectual capital / technology Organization Mgmt Focus on sourcing, allocation, and management of human resources Marketing & Sales / Communications Focus on identifying and capturing customers / clients Service Delivery / Production / Manufacturing Focus on fulfilling the marketing / communication promise of value / relevance © The Generic Sub-Strategies 2. The Strategy Model Business Definition / Mandate Business Positioning: Niche, Specialty, Commodity Mandate: Narrow Interpretation; Middle-of-the-Road; Broad Interpretation Risk Focus: Internal; External; Both Management: Accept, Avoid, Transfer, Reduce Growth Type: Internal, External (acquisitions, partnerships, alliances, joint ventures) Rate: Bigger, Smaller, No Change Financial Management Sourcing: Debt, equity, self-funding Allocation: Stars, Cash Cows, Question Marks, Dogs © Both Management: Performance; Control, R&D / Technology Purpose: To enable productivity; to create competitive advantage Type: Follower, Leader, Adapter Organization Mgmt Sourcing: Internal; External Allocation: (Org Design) Centralized, Decentralized, Functional, Lines of Business, Geographical Management: Rigid Expectations, Flexible, Laissez-faire Marketing / Sales Communications Identifying: (Marketing 4Ps): Product / Service; Price; Place; Promotion Capturing: (Sales): Targeting; Approaching; Pitching; Converting; Closing; Follow-Up Service Delivery / Production / Manufacturing Needs / Requirements; Inputs Production Delivery Follow-up © Source of The 8 Strategies 2. The Strategy Model © © 3 Types of Strategy are Common to all Organizations 2. The Strategy Model © © Source of the 3 Types of Strategy 2. The Strategy Model © © 2. The Strategy Model Services Avoid Acquisitions Transfer © Specialty Place Use Internal Growth Equity Production Debt Control Centralized Lines of Business © The Dynamic Strategy System 2. The Strategy Model © © 4 Types of Expectations Driving Strategy Development 2. The Strategy Model © © Strategy Development in 3 Steps 3. Strategy Development 1. Getting the Facts / Becoming Informed Scoring 1 = Not Very Important Name 1 2 Focus on Process 4 = Neutral Focus on Results 7 = Very Important Comments © 3 4 5 6 © 3. Strategy Development 2. Conducting Analysis Process (Strategy) Very Important 7 6 5 1 2 3 5 6 7 © Results (Metrics) Not Important 3 Results (Metrics) Very Important 2 1 Process (Strategy) Not Important © Step 3: Strategy Selection 3. Strategy Development Process (Strategy) Very Important Results (Metrics) Not Important © Results (Metrics) Very Important Process (Strategy) Not Important © Strategy Development Characteristics 3. Strategy Development 1. Strategy development is driven by imposed expectations 2. Strategy development is fueled by timely & relevant facts 3. The time required to become informed is usually underestimated 4. The strategy development process should provide insight - possible choices of action © - on current chosen strategy - on what is required to move from current strategy 5. “Selling” a recommended strategy for approval is a different process © Definitions of Major Terms 4. Definitions Strategy A description of chosen action Strategic Planning A review of the 8 strategies common to all for-profit and nonprofit organizations Business Planning Any subsequent strategy planning to implement the expectations of the organization’s Strategic Plan Strategic Issue A Strategic Issue is a question whether to replace © or to improve existing strategy Strategic Management Strategic management is the leveraging of strategic thinking of individuals Strategic Thinking Strategic thinking is thinking about how imposed expectations and the realities of the external environment should impact the management of assigned responsibilities Expectations: Guidance on the hoped-for outcome Metrics: Anything expressed as a number Vision: A description of the successful outcome from long term pursuit of dominant strategy © Module 1 Course Introduction Topics 1. An overview of the course and content for each day Deliverables The 12 modules 2. The strategy model The 8 strategies 3 types of strategy © Origins of the strategy system model 3. Overview of strategy development process The 4 types of expectations driving strategy development The 3 steps in strategy development 4. Definition of major terms to be used in the course © Module 2 © Getting Ready for Planning It isn’t the unkown that gives us trouble. It what we know that ain’t so. Will Rogers © Module 2: Getting Ready for Planning 1. Overview of output and process for situation analysis 2. SWOT Analysis and how to make it more powerful 3. Stakeholder Analysis - Identification of Stakeholders © - Appetite / Expectations / Strategy Understanding Analysis 4. Planning as a project © Day One Output: Situation Analysis Report The Scope of Acceptable Change Internal Assessment 2. Overview -The Planning Scope - Stakeholder Analysis & Appetite for Change - Current Strategy Analysis and Configuration © External Assessment - Customers & Markets - Industry Analysis - Competitors - Trends - Best Practices Conclusions - A listing of factors most likely to impact the Firm - Preliminary insights on questions of strategy © Step 2 Objectives 2. Overview 2. Scoping Expectations: Have we assessed the expectations for strategic planning? Identify Type of Planning Required Identify CEO / Board Expectations Conduct Internal Assessment Conduct External Assessment © Confirm Responsibility for all 8 Strategies Identify Authority Group Assess Appetite for Change Prepare Scope for Planning Project © Traditional SWOT 2. SWOT © The TOWS Matrix, A Tool for Situational Analysis Heinz Weihrich, 1982 . http://www.usfca.edu/fac_staff/weihrichh/docs/tows.pdf © 8 Strategy SWOT Analysis on English Bay 2. SWOT Under Norcross Control – Strategy Strengths & Weaknesses © Not Under Norcross Control – External Factors (Opportunities / Threats) © A Framework for SWOT The Alpha Strategies Strengths Weaknesses Opportunitie s 2. SWOT Threats Business Def / Mandate Risk Growth Financial Management © R&D /Technology Organization Mgmt Marketing/Sales /Comm Service Delivery / Production / Manufacturing © Stakeholder Identification Who are the major stakeholders? Stakeholder Categories The Authority Group Those Stakeholders who approve the plan and authorize implementation The Involve Group Stakeholders who should be involved because of the © role they will play in implementation The Inform Group Stakeholders who need to be told what to do so that their actions are consistent with implementation The Consider Group Any Stakeholders not falling in any of the above categories and who could have a response to implementation 2. Stakeholders Actual Stakeholders © Stakeholder Expectations Now we know “Who” they are, what do they want? Stakeholder Categories Actual Stakeholders The Authority Group The Involve Group The Inform Group The Consider Group 2. Stakeholders Expectations © © 2. Stakeholders Scoping Appetite / Expectations / Understanding Circle the symbol that is Norcross’ likely answer X means change is acceptable ● means change is not acceptable Question: What does it mean if not all 8 strategies can be candidates for change? Business Definition Risk Growth X X X © ● ● ● ● X Financial Management ● ● ● X Marketing / Sales Store Operations X Organization Management ● X R&D / Technology X Manufacturing (Outsourced) © Strategic Planning as a Project Project Element 2. Stakeholders Description Objective Scope Methodology © Schedule Major Mile Stones Deliverables © Module 2: Getting Ready to Plan 1. Overview of output and process for situation analysis 2. SWOT Analysis and how to make it more powerful 3. Stakeholder Analysis - Identification of Stakeholders © - Appetite / Expectations / Strategy Understanding Analysis 4. Planning as a project © Module 3 © Internal Assessment © Module 3: Internal Assessment 1. Overview of process 2. Configuring the strategy system 2. Moving from strategy to organization design © 4. Current Strategy Performance Assessment - Strengths & Weakness Identification - External Factors Impacting Strategy 5. Initial English Bay Strategy Conclusions © Step 3 Objectives 3. Overview 3. Internal Assessment: Do we truly understand the how’s and why’s of our current strategy? Identify Type of Planning Required Confirm Responsibility for all 8 Strategies Identify CEO / Board Expectations © Conduct Internal Assessment Identify Authority Group Convert 8 Strategies to Org Design Assess Appetite for Change Evaluate Activity Strengths/Weaknesses Prepare Scope for Planning Project Use Evaluation to Identify External Factors Conduct External Assessment © Configuring the Strategy System 3. Strategy System © Source: Seeingstrategy.com © From 8 Strategy Model to Organization Design 3. Org Design © © From 8 Strategies to Organization Design 3. Org Design 8 Strategy Framework EB Organization EB Organization Design Business Definition Risk - Oversight Norcross Growth - Financial Mgmt Financial Management Technology Organization Management Lyons © Taglietalla Marketing Service Delivery / Productivity - I.T. - H.R. - Buying Mayweather - Operations - Marketing - Store Operations © From 8 Strategies to Org Design EB Organization Norcross - business definition - risk - growth Lyons - financial management - technology Taglietalla - organizational management Mayweather - marketing - service delivery / production 3. Org Design English Bay Organization Design Specific Activities - Oversight - Borrowing - Sale of EB / Joint Ventures - New Store Openings - Expenditures approval - Financial Mgmt - Payroll - Receivables - Internal Accting - I.T. - Systems Admin © - H.R. - Compensation - Policy Admin - Buying - Competitor surveys - Hindsight analysis - Operations - Receiving - Sorting - Reshipping - Marketing -Product: Private Label -Pricing: Value -Promotion: In-store promos and direct mail - Store Operations - Hiring -Training - Sales © What are the EB functional strategies? 3. Strategy Performance 1. Within each function, which specific activity has become the functional strategy over time? 2. What makes functional strategy so hard to identify? EB Org Design Specific Activities -Oversight - Borrowing - Sale / J.V. - New store openings - Expenditure approval - Financial Mgmt - Payroll - Receivables - Internal Accounting - I.T. - Systems Admin - H.R. - Compensation - Policy Admin - Buying - Competitor surveys - Prior Year Sales analysis - Operations - Receiving - Sorting - Reshipping - Marketing - Product: Private Label - Pricing: Value - Promotion: In-store promos / direct mail campaigns - Store Operations - Hiring -Training - Customer Sales Functional Strategy © © Step 3 Strengths Oversight Financial 3. Strategy Performance Internal Assessment Weaknesses Likely External Factors Impacting Performance - new store openings capability - micro-management style - markets, customers, competitors - real estate equity - budgeting process - discounts - dividends - financing terms - financial ratios - performance measures - landlords -bankers – real estate markets tax law - corporate law - market for selling business - no use of technology -Technology I.T. H.R. - Good people - no policies - communications - customer/product training - turnover – org mgmt - industry turnover rates -competitive compensation -competitor employment practices Buying - private label - 3 month cycle - quality issues -Industry Change / Evolution -fashion trends - customers - supplier performance Operations - warehouse real estate value - shrinkage - inventory control - winter delivery - real estate market - Industry practices (e.g. EDI) Marketing - brand / image - private label success - customer lists - community focus - research - advertising - customer data - competitor data - product selections - customers - competitors - market trends - local markets - below market rent - 22 stores upgraded - varying performance - low leases turning over - store hours set by HO - HO communications - lack of store mgr autonomy - parking - customers - competitors - local store markets Store Operations © - © Initial English Bay Strategy Summary Eight Strategies Business Definition Risk Growth Financial Mgmt Strategy High-end casual and related accessories in B.C. and Alberta Owner-centric. Norcross involvement in all significant decisions Internal growth through store openings debt © Technology / R&D To support and enable productivity Organization Mgmt Head Office / Owner control Marketing / Store Operations Manufacturing 3. Strategy Conclusions If you build a store, they will come… Outsourced © Module 3: Internal Assessment 1. Overview of process 2. Configuring the strategy system 2. Moving from strategy to organization design © 4. Current Strategy Performance Assessment - Strengths & Weakness Identification - External Factors Impacting Strategy 5. Initial English Bay Strategy Conclusions © Module 4 © External Assessment © Module 4: External Factors Assessment 1. Overview of process 2. The Major Categories of External Factors 2. Issues in Customer Identification © 4. Overview of Market, Industry, & Competitor and Trends and Best Practices 5. Initial English Bay Strategy Conclusions & Situation Analysis Report © 4. Overview Step 4 Objectives 4. External Assessment: What factors in the external environment must we truly understand? Identify Type of Planning Required Identify CEO / Board Expectations Conduct Internal Assessment Conduct External Assessment Confirm Responsibility for all 8 Strategies Identify Authority Group Convert 8 Strategies to Org Design Identify What Management Knows If less than 8, Go to Business Planning Assess Appetite for Change Evaluate Activity Strengths/Weaknesses Separate Need to Know from Nice to Know Prepare Scope for Planning Project Use Evaluation to Identify External Factors Study Factors for Actionable Information © © The Major Categories of External Factors 4. Major Factors Stakeholder Expectations © Customers & Markets Industry Dynamics Competitors Trends Best Practices © Customer Analysis 4. Customer Identification 1. Who are our most important customers? 2. What criteria drive the customer’s purchase decision? 3. How do we compare, in the customer’s view, to the competition? © 4. Which of our products and services are truly valuable to them? 5. What are the steps and who influences the purchase decision? 6. How are customer criteria and behavior likely to change? 7. What products and services are our customers going to need? © Need / Risk Segmentation Analysis 4. Customer Identification Customer Analysis Restated for Public Sector Organizations 1. Who represents the greatest need / greatest risk that our services are intended to address? 2. What drives them to use / come into contact with us? 3. How do we compare to alternatives to address the need / risk? © 4. Which of our programs / services are truly valuable to them / address the problem effectively? 5. What are the steps and who influences their decision to use us / encourages their behaviour? 6. How is user need / risk behavior likely to change? 7. What services are users going to need / will be required to manage evolving risk? See also: Banishing Bureaucracy 1998, David Osborne © Markets – Clusters of Customers Market Scoring Vancouver Downtown Growth Profitability Competition T otal Vancouver Suburbs Growth Profitability Competition T otal Victoria Growth Profitability Competition T otal Kamloops Growth Profitability Competition T otal Other Greater BC Growth Profitability Competition T otal Calgary Growth Profitability Competition T otal Edmonton Growth Profitability Competition T otal Other Alberta Growth Profitability Competition T otal Dan Erica Martin Oprah 4 5 1 10 4 5 1 10 4 5 1 10 4 5 1 10 5 5 1 11 4 5 1 10 5 5 1 11 5 5 1 11 4 5 1 10 5 5 1 11 3 5 1 9 5 5 1 11 4 5 1 10 4 5 1 10 5 7 2 14 ©4 5 1 10 4 5 1 10 7 7 2 16 6 7 2 15 5 7 2 14 4 3 1 8 4 3 1 8 4 3 1 8 4 3 1 8 4 3 1 8 4 3 1 8 4 3 1 8 4 3 1 8 5 5 1 11 7 5 1 13 5 5 1 11 5 5 1 11 4. External Factors Growth 1 – shrinking market and/or market share 4 – only able to maintain existing business 7 – significant growth in market and/or market share Profitable 1 – not profitable 4 – break-even 7 – very profitable Competition 1 – significant competition 4 – competition is manageable 7 – no competition © Demand Analysis Methodology Market Analysis Restated for Public Sector 4. External Factors Purpose To identify specific opportunities for priorities over the planning period Grid Design Horizontal Axis – specific products or services Vertical Axis – specific clusters for those services Scores For each cell, assign a score from 1 to 7 for each of the following variables. Growth of Need / Risk Assess the potential for growth of the need / risk programs / services 1 – shrinking overall need / risk 4 – no change from today 7 – significant growth in need© / risk Sustainability Assess the likely financial sustainability of delivering services to meet the need / risk 1 – sustainability is a great risk 4 – no change from today 7 – sustainability not a risk Alternatives Assess the attractiveness of emerging alternatives to address the need / risk 1 – significant attractive alternatives are becoming apparent 4 – no change in alternatives apparent 7 – no attractive alternatives emerging or apparent Cell Scoring Each cell score is the total of the variables scoring for that cell Highest score: 21, representing a need / risk on which we should focus Lowest score: 3, representing limited perceived value to addressing need / risk © 4. External Factors Demand Analysis in the Public Sector G=Growth S=Sustainability A = Alternatives Need / Risk Segments Services G= G= G= G= G= S= S= S= S= S= A= A= A= A= G= G= G= G= G= S= S= S= S= S= A= A= A= A= A= G= G= G= G= G= S= S= S= S= S= A= A= A= A= A= A= © Total Total Total © Industry Dynamics 4. External Factors Segment What is my chosen market called? Segment Size / Growth How big is it and is it growing? Segment Dynamics What dynamics are most shaping the © segment? (e.g. competitive rivalry, customers, suppliers, entry barriers, alternatives) Critical Success Factors What must a competitor do to succeed given the dominant industry dynamics? Segment Evolution How is this segment likely to change over time? © Competitor Analysis Industry Positioning Critical Success Factors Industry Evolution 4. External Factors - Who do I compete with in my market segments? - What segments are my competitors focusing on? - What segments should I focus on? - What must©I truly understand about my competitors? (e.g. strategies, strengths, weaknesses and areas of relative performance) - Who are my future competitors? - What functional areas are likely to become the most important in the future? © Competitor / Alternatives Analysis 4. External Factors Restated for Public Sector Service Sustainability - Who is offering / can offer alternatives to our services? - What segments are they focusing on? - What segments should we focus on? Critical Success Factors - What must©we understand about alternatives / competitors? Service Evolution - Who / What are the future competitors / alternatives? - What functional strengths are likely to become the most important in the future? (e.g. strategies, strengths, weaknesses and areas of relative performance) © Trend Analysis in 3 Steps 4. External Factors 1. Source of Trends - The Family 2. What is the Emerging Trend? © - “Kids” not moving out 3. What’s the impact on us? - “Kids” influencing parents’ buying decisions? © 4. External Factors Benchmarking Analysis Benchmarking Is a process for comparing organizational performance and processes to “Best-in-Class” performance and using insight from the comparison to improve ways and improve performance Determine what to Benchmark © Identify Key Performance Variables / Measures Identify the “Best-in-Class” Organizations Research Performance of “Best-in-Class” Organizations Make Performance Comparisons Recommend Improvements Obtain Commitment to Implement © External Factors Conclusions Research 4. Conclusions Overall Conclusions Customer Analysis EB customer needs research Market Analysis Markets don’t support seem to support most EB stores. Industry Analysis Entry of more and more well-financed competitors using technology and multi, cross, and omni-channels Competitor Analysis EB is a very small specialty retailer Trend Analysis Technology is changing the nature of retailing Benchmarking Analysis EB is not competitive when benchmarked against the lowest of benchmarks: the industry average. © © Which one strategy is being most impacted? 4. Conclusions Customers & Markets Competitors Industry Dynamics © Trends Best Practices © Module 4: External Factors 1. Overview of process 2. The Major Categories of External Factors 2. Issues in Customer Identification © 4. Overview of Market, Industry, & Competitor and Trends and Best Practices 5. Initial English Bay Strategy Conclusions & Situation Analysis Report © Day One Deliverable: The Situation Analysis Day 1 Produce a Situation Analysis Day 2 Produce a©Strategic Plan Day 3 Produce a Business Plan © Day Two – Preparation - Read the Tarion Case - Review the Day 2 Binder Materials © - Identify the top 3 external factors you believe Tarion must address because those factors will significantly impact Tarion over the next 3 to 5 years ©