Transcript Southern Colonies

The War Moves West
and South
Chapter 6, Lesson 3
► Francis
Prologue
Marion led a small but expert
fighting force in South Carolina.
 They lived off the land.
► Marion’s
soldiers harassed British Troops.
 Staged daring surprise attacks.
 Sabotaged communications and supply lines.
 Rescued American Prisoners.
► After
these actions he would retreat into the
Swamps to get away from the British.
 This earned him the nickname, “The Swamp
Fox.”
► Important
War in the West
battles of the Revolutionary War were
taking place in the western frontier.
 The Patriots were assisted by some Native
Americans, although the majority still sided with
the British.
►Many believed that the British were less of a
threat than the Americans.
► West of the Appalachian Mountains, the British
and Natives attacked American settlements.
 Mohawk chief Joseph Brant led many brutal
attacks in southwestern New York and northern
Pennsylvania.
► Joseph
War in the West
Brant would also serve as a representative
to the Mohawk in the Continental Congress.
 He would try to get fair land settlements for his
people.
 This would fail, and his people moved to
Canada.
► Henry Hamilton commanded Detroit, the main
British base in the West.
 He had been called by some as “hair buyer”,
due to his purchases of scalps of settlers from
the Native Americans.
Francis Marion
Mohawk Chief
Joseph Brant
Henry Hamilton
► George
Victory at Vincennes
Rogers Clark, a lieutenant colonel in the
Virginia militia set out to end British attacks on
western settlers.
 In July 1778, he and 175 soldiers sailed down
the Ohio River to the mouth of the Tennessee
River.
 After a 120 mile march, the Patriots seized
control of the British post at Kaskaskia (kaSKAH-kee-uh) in present-day Illinois.
 Following this, they captured the British town of
Vincennes (vihn-SEHNZ) in present-day Indiana.
► In
Victory at Vincennes
his absences in December, the British under
Henry Hamilton, reclaimed Vincennes.
 Clark didn’t appreciate this, and vowed to get it
back.
 In February 1779, after a march through the
countryside flooded with icy waters, Clark and
his troops surprised the British, forcing Hamilton
to surrender (Take that Britain!)
► Clark’s
victory strengthened the Americans
position in the west.
► As
Glory at Sea
the fight was going on in the western
Frontier, other battles were occurring at
sea.
 Britain used its ridiculously powerful navy to
patrol the American waterways in order to
prevent Patriot ships and those of their allies
from entering or leaving.
 This blockade prevented supplies and
reinforcements from reaching the Continental
Army.
► In
Privateers
order to break through the British Naval
Blockade, the second Continental Congress
ordered that 13 warships be constructed.
 Only two would end up sailing to sea.
 The Americans were forced to destroy four of
their own to keep them out of British hands.
 The others were captured by the British.
► Other
states maintained their own fleets,
but they were too weak to operate
effectively.
► American
Privateers
Privateers were more efficient at
capturing British vessels at sea than the
American navy.
 These were privately owned merchant ships
equipped with weapons.
► The
Congress authorized 2,000 ships to sail
as privateers and attack enemy ships.
 Finding crewmembers was not difficult as most
sailors from the whaling and fishing ports of
New England signed on eagerly for the
profitable privateering trade.
► John
John Paul Jones
Paul Jones began raiding British Ports in
1777.
 He sailed in an old French ship that Ben Franklin
had attained for him.
 Jones gave the ship a French name,
“Bonhoumme Richard”, after Franklin’s Poor
Richard’s Almanack.
► In September 1779, he was sailing along the
British coast when he meets with a large British
fleet of merchant ships escorted by the Serapis.
 The Bonhoumme Richard moved close to the
Serapis before attacking.
► The
John Paul Jones
two ships battled for more than 3 hours.
► At one point, Jones’ ship was so badly damaged
that the British captain asked if he wanted to
surrender.
 To which Jones responded, “I have not yet
begun to fight!”
the end the Serapis surrendered, but the
Bonhoumme sank not long after the battle.
► In
 Despite this, he was still considered a naval
hero to the American Patriots.
► In
Struggles in the South
the early years of the war, the Americans
had won some battles in the South.
 In 1776, the British were defeated at the Battle
of Moore’s Creek, near Wilmington, North
Carolina also saving Charles Town, South
Carolina, from the British.
► By
1778, the British understood reclaiming
control of the colonies would not be so
easy.
 They planned out a hard-hitting offense to
finish the war.
► The
Struggles in the South
focus turned to the South, where they
had many Loyalist.
 They hoped that through their power at sea as
well as the support of the Loyalist they could
take some decisive victories and at first, it was
working.
► In
British Victories
late 1778, General Henry Clinton sent
3,500 troops from New York to Savannah.
 The British occupied the city and overran most
of the state.
► Clinton
was leading a troop in early 1780 to
attack the Port of Charles Town, South
Carolina.
 Charles Town surrendered in May, and the
British took thousands of prisoners.
 This was the worst American defeat of the war.
► Clinton
British Victories
returned to New York and left
General Charles Cornwallis in charge of the
troops in the South.
► The Continental Congress sent General
Horatio Gates to face Cornwallis.
 The two forces met at Camden, South Carolina
in 1780.
 Although Cornwallis won, he soon realized he
could not control the area he had conquered.
 His troops faced a new kind of warfare.
► The
Guerilla Warfare
British did not receive as much help
from the Loyalists as they thought.
 As they moved through the country side, small
groups of Patriots attacked them.
 They used a hit-and-run technique of guerilla
warfare to catch them off guard.
► Francis
Marion (The Swamp Fox) was one of
the most successful guerilla leaders.
 A British colonel was believed to have said “the
devil himself” could not catch Marion.
► In
Help from Spain
January 1777, 30-year-old Bernardo de
Gálvez became governor of the Spanish
territory of Louisiana while Spain was
neutral.
 Despite this Gálvez loaned thousands of dollars
to the Americans and opened the port of New
Orleans to the colonists for free trade.
 He also sent tons of supplies and ammunitions
to the army of George Rogers Clark in the
Northwest territory up the Mississippi River.
 Through this help Clark was able to capture
Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes.
► In
Help from Spain
the summer of 1779, Spain declared war on
Britain.
 Gálvez raised an army of Spanish soldiers,
Creoles, Native Americans, and African
Americans to attack areas in the lower
Mississippi.
 He took Baton Rouge, Natchez, and Pensacola.
 This opened up supply lines for military goods
from Spain, Frace, Cuba, and Mexico.
► Historian Buchanan Parker Thomas believed that
Gálvez had given the most vital aid to the
struggling American colonies.
► After
Patriot Victories
the British victory at Camden, South
Carolina, the British moved northward
through the Carolinas in September 1780.
 At Kings Mountain, a British officer and more
than 1,000 Loyalists defended an outposts from
Patriot Sharpshooters.
 The British were forced to retreat bringing new
support for independence from Southerners
who wanted to see an end to the war that had
been destroying their homes and farms.
Patriot Victories
In October 1780, Nathanael Greene replaced Gates as
commander of the Continental forces in the South.
 Instead of going all out on Cornwallis’s army, he split
them in two.
►In January 1781, one section led by Daniel Morgan
defeated the British at Cowpens, South Carolina.
►Another section joined Marion’s guerilla raids.
► In March he reunited his forces to take on Cornwallis at
Guilford Courthouse, at present-day Greensboro, North
Carolina.
 Greene’s Army was forced to retreat but the British
suffered heavy losses.
 Cornwallis had abandoned his Carolina campaign.
►
Horatio Gates
Nathanael Greene
Daniel Morgan
General Cornwallis
British Retreat
Cornwallis decided to march north to Virginia in April
1781.
 His troops carried out raids throughout the state,
almost capturing Governor Thomas Jefferson and
the Virginia legislature in June.
►Thomas Jefferson fled on horseback, just before
the troops arrived.
► General Washington sent Lafayette and General
Anthony Wayne south to fight Cornwallis.
 Cornwallis set up in Yorktown, along the Virginia
coast to wait for further orders from Clinton in New
York.
 The battle for control of the South was entering its
final phase.
►