Transcript Slide 1
January 12, 2012 AP US With help from Ms. Susan M. Pojer Effects on the South Gilded Age Southern Industry • By 1900 the South was producing a smaller % of the nation’s manufactured goods than before the war • Plantation system was either sharecropping or serfdom • The only thing that helped southern agriculture was the machine made cigarette Gilded Age Southern Industry • South faced unfairness in pricing from railroads – Treated South like a 3rd world nation from which the North would get raw materials and send manufactured goods • Pittsburgh Plus pricing system made it cost even more to ship Birmingham Steel Gilded Age Southern Industry • The South did begin to build textile mills to process their own cotton – This fed off of impoverished Southerners who were cheap labor willing to be paid 1/2 of the wages of their northern counterparts Changes Brought by Industry The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on America • Great change occurred in America at this time: – – – – Increased standard of living More physical comforts Urbanization Leisure time (though not much if you were a factory worker!) – Disappearance of Jeffersonian ideals – Disappearance of truly free enterprise – Time became important - work schedules The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on America • Women were the most affected group – White collar jobs opened up because of inventions • Typewriter: stenographer and secretary • Telephone: operators “hello girls” – Realities of work for women • Later marriages • Smaller families • Most worked the same long hard hours as men for less pay for the same work The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on America • Ideas of the new woman: The Gibson Girl – Athletic and healthy – Refined yet feisty – Educated and fulfilled • But not a suffragette! The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on America Class division • 2/3 of all workers depended on wages by 1900 • By 1900 10% of the people controlled 90% of the wealth – The nouveau riche also flaunted their wealth which was a source of both envy and disgust to the working people The Changing American Labor Force Child Labor Child Labor “Galley Labor” Labor Unions Labor Unrest: 1870-1900 The Molly Maguires (1875) James McParland Irish Coal Miners’ Union in Pennsylvania The Corporate “Bully-Boys”: Pinkerton Agents Management vs. Labor “Tools” of Management “Tools” of Labor “scabs” boycotts P. R. campaign sympathy demonstrations Pinkertons lockout blacklisting yellow-dog contracts informational picketing closed shops court injunctions organized strikes open shop “wildcat” strikes A Striker Confronts a SCAB! National Labor Union • Organized in 1866 and lasted 6 years • 600,000 members: skilled, unskilled, and farmers • Discriminated against Chinese, Blacks, and Women – Therefore the Colored National Labor Union formed • Fought for the 8-hour day and arbitration of disputes • Hurt by bad economy of 1870’s Knights of Labor Terence V. Powderly An injury to one is the concern of all! Knights of Labor Knights of Labor trade card • Goals of the Knights of Labor Eight-hour workday. • Workers’ cooperatives. • Worker-owned factories. • Abolition of child and prison labor. • Increased circulation of greenbacks. • Equal pay for men and women. • Safety codes in the workplace. • Prohibition of contract foreign labor. • Abolition of the National Bank. Anarchists Meet on the Lake Front in 1886 Haymarket Riot (1886) McCormick Harvesting Machine Co. Haymarket Martyrs Governor John Peter Altgeld The American Federation of Labor: 1886 An actual federation of local unions. No worker could join the actual AFL AFL unified overall strategy Samuel Gompers How the AF of L Would Help the Workers • Catered to the skilled worker. • Represented workers in matters of national legislation. • Maintained a national strike fund. • Evangelized the cause of unionism. • Prevented disputes among the many craft unions. • Mediated disputes between management and labor. • Pushed for closed shops. Effects of Strikes on Labor Membership Average Shirtwaist Worker’s Week 51 hours or less 52-57 hours 58-63 hours Over 63 hours 4,554 65,033 12,211 562 5% 79% 15% 1% Total employees, men and women 82,360 Womens’ Trade Union League Women Voting for a Strike! Local 25 with Socialist Paper, The Call Public Fear of Unions/Anarchists Arresting the Girl Strikers for Picketing Scabs Hired “The Shirtwaist Kings” Max Blanck and Isaac Harris Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Asch Building, 8th and 10th Floors Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910 Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910 Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910 Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910 Inside the Building After the Fire Most Doors Were Locked Crumpled Fire Escape, 26 Died 10th Floor After the Fire Dead Bodies on the Sidewalk One of the “Lucky” Ones? Relatives Review Bodies 145 Dead Page of the New York Journal One of the Many Funerals Labor Unions March as Mourners Women Workers March to City Hall The Investigation Out of the Ashes ILGWU membership surged. NYC created a Bureau of Fire Prevention. New strict building codes were passed. Tougher fire inspection of sweatshops. Growing momentum of support for women’s suffrage.