Transcript No Slide Title

Trainer Tips
• This subpart is long, a comprehensive review
will require a minimum of two hours of class
time
• Choose the applicable sections to cover based
on the work environment(s) of the students
• Limit discussion in other areas(i.e. mobile
scaffolds)
• The most cited areas of the subpart are found
in housekeeping requirements and
requirements for guarding floor and wall
openings and holes
Trainer Objectives
• Describe Subpart D general requirements
• Explain the requirements for guarding floor
openings and holes.
• Describe the requirements for stairways and
railings.
• Identify applicable standards relating to ladders.
Subpart D - Walking/Working
Surfaces (1910.21 - 30)
Open-sided floors
*
23(c)(1)
Housekeeping
Standard: 1910.
22(a)(1)
205
*
Wet floors
22(a)(2)
*
116
Stairways and stair platforms - Railings
24(h)
99
*
Floor holes
23(a)(8)
98
*
*Average number of Federal OSHA citations issued
between 2000 and 2003
4
What’s wrong with this picture?
Housekeeping 1910.22 (a)(1)
• All places of employment clean and
orderly and in a sanitary condition
• Workrooms clean & dry
• Platforms, mats, or other dry
standing places for wet processes
Housekeeping 1910.22 (a)(3)
• Floors kept free from protruding nails,
splinters, holes, or loose boards.
Aisles 1910.22 (b)(1)
• Sufficient safe clearance maintained where
mechanical handling equipment is used
• Aisles and passageways
kept clear and in good repairs
• No obstruction across or in aisles that could create a
hazard
Aisles 1910.22 (b)(2)
• Permanent aisles and passageways shall
be appropriately marked.
Floor Loading 1910.22 (d)(1)
• Floor load ratings must be
posted
• In a conspicuous place to
which they relate
Floor Openings 1910.23
(a)(1)
• Every stairway floor opening guarded by a
standard railing
• Railing provided on all exposed sides
(except at entrance to stairway)
Floor Openings 1910.23
(a)(2)
• Every ladderway floor opening or platform shall be
guarded by a standard railing with standard toeboard
on all exposed sides (except at entrance to opening),
with the passage through the railing either provided
with a swinging gate or so offset that a person cannot
walk directly into the opening.
Floor Openings 1910.23
(a)(3)(ii)
• Where operating conditions
necessitate the feeding of
material into any hatchway
or chute opening, protection
shall be provided to prevent
a person from falling through
the opening.
Floor Openings 1910.23
(a)(4)
• Every skylight floor opening and hole shall be
guarded by a standard skylight screen or a
fixed standard railing on all exposed sides.
Floor Openings 1910.23 (a)(5)
• Every pit and trapdoor floor opening, infrequently
used, guarded by a floor opening cover of standard
strength and construction.
• While the cover is not in place, the pit or trap opening
constantly attended by someone or protected on all
exposed sides by removable standard railings.
Clarification of 1910.23 as it would
apply to repair pits
• Bus and rail car inspection and repair pits. When the
pit or pits are not covered, employees walking are
least 6 feet from the pit would not be in violation of 29
CFR 1910.23(a)(5), provided the following actions are
implemented by the employer:
– The employee's safety training program will instruct
employees to maintain a 6 feet clear distance from
uncovered pits
– Highly visible contrasting lines will be installed 6
feet from the edge of pits
– Employer will install caution signs and ensure
compliance by employees
Floor Openings 1910.23 (a)(7)
• Every temporary
floor opening
shall have
standard railings,
or shall be
constantly
attended by
someone.
Floor Openings 1910.23 (a)(8)
• Every floor hole into which persons can
accidentally walk shall be guarded by either:
– (i)A standard railing with standard toeboard
– (ii)A floor hole cover of standard strength and
construction. While the cover is not in place, the
floor hole shall be constantly attended by someone
or shall be protected by a removable standard
railing.
Floor opening
large enough
to fall through
Floor Openings 1910.23 (a)(10)
• Where doors or gates open
directly on a stairway, a
platform shall be provided,
and the swing of the door
shall not reduce the
effective width to less than
20 inches.
Wall Openings 1910.23 (b)
• (1)Every wall opening from which there is
a drop of more than 4 feet shall be
guarded by one of the following:
– (i)Rail, roller, picket fence, half door, or
30"
equivalent barrier.
Drop
4'
18"
Wall
Opening
WxH
Open-sided Floors 1910.23 (c)(1)
• Every open-sided floor
or platform 4 feet or
more guarded on all
open sides except where
there is entrance to a
ramp, stairway, or fixed
ladder.
Open-sided Floors 1910.23 (c)(1)
• The railing shall be provided
with a toeboard wherever,
beneath the open sides,
– (i)Persons can pass,
– (ii)There is moving machinery,
– (iii)There is equipment with
which falling materials could
create a hazard
Open-sided Floors 1910.23 (c)(3)
• All open-sided floors, walkways, platforms, or
runways above or adjacent to dangerous
equipment, guarded with a standard railing and
toe board
Equipment traverses
over wiring pit opening
Stairways 1910.23 (d)(1)
• Every flight of stairs
having four or more
risers shall be
equipped with standard
stair railings or
standard handrails.
Railings 1910.23 (e)(1)
• A standard railing consists of top rail,
intermediate rail, and posts
• Have a vertical height of 42 inches nominal
from upper surface of top rail to floor.
• The top rail smooth-surfaced
• The ends of the rails shall not constitute a
projection hazard
09/16/1983 - Clarification of our railing
requirements in 29 CFR 1910.23(e)
• Other types, sizes, and arrangements of railing
construction are acceptable provided they meet
the following conditions:
– A smooth-surfaced top rail at a height above floor,
platform, runway, or ramp level of 42 inches
nominal;
09/16/1983 - Clarification of our railing
requirements in 29 CFR 1910.23(e)
– A strength to withstand at least the minimum
requirement of 200 pounds top rail pressure;
– Protection between top rail and floor, platform,
runway, ramp, or stair treads, equivalent at
least to that afforded by a standard
intermediate rail.
Directives STD 1-1.10 - Height of Guardrails
in General Industry Applications
• OSHA Regional Administrators/Area Directors
shall classify technical violations of 29 CFR
1910.23 (e)(1) as de minimis violations, where the
employer has provided guardrails which meet the
following specifications:
Directives STD 1-1.10 - Height of Guardrails in
General Industry Applications
1. Existing
guardrailing shall consist of a top rail,
intermediate rail, and posts, or equivalent, and
shall have a minimum vertical height of 36 inches
to 44 inches from the upper surface of the top rail
to the floor, platform, runway or ramp level.
2. Guardrailings
with heights greater than 44 inches
are permissible provided the extra height does not
create a dangerous situation for employees.
Openings beneath the top rail that would permit
the passage of a 19 inch or larger spherical object
would create an unsafe condition, therefore,
additional mid-rails may be necessary
Railings 1910.23 (e)(2)
30" - 34"
A stair railing shall be not more than 34 inches nor less than
30 inches from upper surface of top rail to surface of tread in
line with face of riser at forward edge of tread.
Railings 1910.23 (e)
• (i)Wood railings, posts at
least 2 by 4
• (i)Posts < 6 feet
• (i)Rails, at least 2 by 4
• (ii)Pipe railings at least 1
1/2 inches nominal
diameter
• (ii)Posts spaced not more
than 8 feet on centers.
Railings 1910.23 (e)
• For structural steel railings
– (iii)Posts and top and
intermediate rails 2 by 2 by
3/8 inch angles
– (iii)Posts spaced not more than
8 feet on centers.
Railings 1910.23 (e)(iv)
• The completed structure shall
be capable of withstanding a
load of at least 200 pounds
applied in any direction at any
point on the top rail.
200 lb.
Railings 1910.23 (e)(4)
• A standard toeboard 4 inches nominal in
vertical height
• Securely fastened
• Not more than 1/4-inch clearance above floor
level.
• Openings not over 1 inch
1" max
1/4" max
Floor level
Railings 1910.23 (e)(4)
• Where material is piled to such height that a
standard toeboard does not provide
protection, paneling from floor to intermediate
rail, or to top rail shall be provided.
Fixed Stairs 1910.24 (b)
• Provided for regular travel between levels
• Where equipment requires attention routinely
• Fixed stairs provided where access to
elevations is daily
• For work around acids, caustics, gases, or
other harmful substances
Fixed Stairs 1910.24 (d)
• Fixed stairs minimum width of 22 inches
Standard Interpretations 04/27/2000 Minimum width of means of egress;
• The OSHA egress requirements, §1910.37(f)(6), state
that the minimum width of any way of exit access shall
in no case be less than 28 inches and the OSHA stair
requirement, §1910.24(d), requires a minimum stair
width of 22 inches. Is an employer out of compliance
with this egress standard if the stairs are 22 inches in
width?
• Reply: Yes, if the stair is a means of egress
component (the exit access, the exit itself, or exit
discharge). All stairs, and other approved egress
components, must meet the Subpart E, Means of
Egress standards.
Fixed Stairs 1910.24 (e)
• Stairs installed between 30º and 50 º from
horizontal
• Must have uniform riser height and tread
depth, with less than a 1/4-inch variation
Fixed Stairs 1910.24 (f)
• "Stair treads." All treads shall be reasonably
slip-resistant and the nosings shall be of nonslip
finish.
• Rise height and tread width shall be uniform
throughout any flight of stairs including any
foundation structure used as one or more
treads of the stairs.
Fixed Stairs 1910.24 (g)
• "Stairway platforms."
Stairway platforms shall
be no less than the width
of a stairway and a
minimum of 30 inches in
length measured in the
direction of travel.
Fixed Stairs 1910.24 (h)
• "Railings and handrails." Standard railings shall
be provided on the open sides of all exposed
stairways and stair platforms.
• Handrails shall be provided on at least one side
of closed stairways preferably on the right side
descending.
No handrail
on stairs
leading to
machine
pit
Fixed Stairs 1910.24 (i)
• Vertical clearance above
any stair tread at least
seven (7) feet
7 feet minimum
Portable Wood Ladders
1910.25
• (b)(i)All wood parts free
from sharp edges and
splinters;
• (b)(i)Visually acceptable
• (c)(2)Stepladders 20'
max.
• (c)(3)(ii)(a)Single ladders
30' max.
Portable Wood Ladders
1910.25 (d)
• (1)(i)Maintained in good
conditions at all times
• (1)(ii)Locks, wheels, pulleys
frequent lubrication
• (1)(iii)Worn rope replaced
• (1)(iv)Safety feet and auxiliary
equipment in good shape
Portable Wood Ladders Inspection 1910.25 (d)(1)(x)
• Ladders inspected
frequently
• Those with defects
withdrawn from service
for repair or destruction
and tagged or marked
as "Dangerous, Do
Not Use."
Portable Wood Ladders
1910.25 (d)(2)(i)
• Portable rung and cleat ladder
pitch one-quarter the working
length of the ladder (the length
along the ladder between the foot
and the top support)
• Placed as to prevent slipping, or
lashed, or held in position
• Ladders shall not be used in a
horizontal position as platforms,
runways, or scaffolds
Portable Wood Ladders
1910.25 (2)(iv)
• Ladders not placed in
front of doors opening
toward the ladder
unless the door is
blocked upon, locked,
or guarded;
Portable Wood Ladders
1910.25 (d)(2)(v)
• Ladders shall not be
placed on boxes,
barrels, or other
unstable bases to
obtain additional
height;
Portable Wood Ladders
1910.25 (d)(2)(viii)
• Ladders with
broken or missing
steps, rungs, or
cleats, broken side
rails, or other faulty
equipment shall not
be used;
• Improvised repairs
shall not be made;
Portable Wood Ladders
1910.25 (d)(2)(xii)
• Tops of the
ordinary types
of stepladders
shall not be
used as steps
Portable Wood Ladders
1910.25 (d)(2)
• (xv)Ladders used to access
roof must clear roof line by
minimum of three feet
• (xx)No climbing the bracing
on the back legs
Portable Metal Ladders 1910.26
• (a)(1)Designed to
produce a ladder
without structural
defects or accident
hazards such as sharp
edges, burrs, etc.
• (a)(1)(v)Slip resistant
rungs
Portable Metal Ladders 1910.26
• Rungs corrugated or knurled
• Ladders must be maintained
in good usable condition at all
times.
• Ladders having defects are to
be marked and taken out of
service until repaired by either
maintenance department or
the manufacturer
Portable Metal Ladders 1910.26
(a)(2)(iii)
Length of Ladder
Feet of Overlap
Up to 36 feet
3 feet
Over 36 but less than 48
4 feet
Over 48 up to 60
5 feet
Portable Metal Ladders 1910.26
• (a)(3)(iii)The length of a stepladder is
measured by the length of the front rail.
• (a)(3)(iii) To be classified as a standard
length ladder, the measured length
shall be within plus or minus one-half
inch of the specified length.
• (a)(3)(iii) Stepladders shall not exceed
20 feet in length.
Use of Ladders 1910.26(c)
• (ii)Portable ladders are designed
as a one-man working ladder
based on a 200-pound load.
• (iii)The ladder base section must
be placed with a secure footing.
• (iv)The top of the ladder must be
placed with the two rails
supported, unless equipped with
a single support attachment.
Use of Ladders 1910.26(c)
• (3)(v)When ascending
or descending the
climber must face the
ladder.
Any Questions