Transcript Slide 1
Chapter 2 Fresh Water Section 1: Streams and Rivers 1. Runoff Water that flows over the ground surface rather than soaking into the ground. 2. Tributary A smaller stream or river that feeds into a main river. 3. Watershed The land area that supplies water to a river system. 4. Divide A ridge of land that separates one watershed from another. 5. Erosion The process by which fragments of soil and rock are broken off from the ground surface and carried away. 6. Deposition The process by which soil and fragments of rock are deposited in a new location 7. Sediment The particles of rock and soil that are moved by water or wind, resulting in erosion and deposition. 8. Headwaters The many small streams that come together at the source of the river. 9. Flood plain A broad, flat valley through which a river flows. 10. Meander A looping curve formed in a river as it winds through its flood plain. 11. Oxbow lake The crescent-shaped, cutoff body of water that remains after a river carves a new channel. 12. Mouth The point where a river flows into another body of water. 13. Delta The area of sediment deposits that build up near a river’s mouth. 14. Levee A long ridge formed by deposits of sediments alongside a river channel. Section 1 Notes When rain falls, water either evaporates immediately, ____________ soaks ___________into the soil, or forms runoff ______________. 1. 2. Three factors that affect the amount of runoff: * Nature of the ground surface * Rate of rainfall * Whether the land is flat or hilly tributaries A river and all its ___________ together make up a _____________. river system 3. Formation of River http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T KTpEMXLO8w&feature=related 4. Watersheds are also called Drainage basins. ______________ Watershed Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f63pwrMXkV4 The 6 Pennsylvania Watersheds Quick Watershed Demo Materials Plastic sheet Newspaper Spray bottles with colored water Food coloring PSSA Words Non point source pollution- pollution, which is spread across the landscape and can not be identified as coming from any one particular person or company, is called non-point source pollution. Point Source Pollution Because non-point source pollution comes from across the watershed it is more difficult to regulate than point source pollution. Reducing non-point source pollution will take the commitment of everyone in the watershed to change their behaviors. Reflection Write and draw your definition of a watershed, including all the ways water reaches – a river (water flowing over the land, water flowing through the land, rain falling directly on the river) and all the ways water is lost from a river (evaporation, flowing downstream, seeping into the ground. Reflect on what it means to be part of the Pennsylvania watershed. Is it different from what it means to be part of a different water shed? 5. The __________________, the Continental Divide longest divide in North America, follows the line of the ______________. Rocky Mountains Continental Divide is the name given to the principal, and largely mountainous, hydrological divide of the Americas that separates the watersheds that drain into the Pacific Ocean from (1) those river systems that drain into the Atlantic Ocean. Continental Divides of the United States- 6. Rivers wear away landforms through erosion _________ and build new landforms deposition through __________. 7. Three factors that affect river speed: * Steepness of its slope (Water flows faster down a mountainside than over a flat plain. ) *Volume (An of water in the river increase in the amount of water in a river causes the river to flow faster. ) Shape of the channel ____________________through which the river flows. (As the water in the river rubs against the sides and bottom of its channel, it creates friction. This friction slows the water’s movement. In a shallow, narrow channel, almost all the water is in contact with the sides or bottom, and it moves slowly. In a broad, deep channel, however, most of the water can flow without any friction, so the river flows faster.) 8. The soil in delta areas is very fertile _______________for farming. 9. A flood occurs when * the volume of water in a river increases so much that the river overflows its channel. Chapter 2 Fresh Water Section 2: Ponds and Lakes Vocab 15. Reservoir A natural or artificial lake that stores water for human use. 16. Eutrophication The process by which nutrients in a lake build up over time, causing an increase in the growth of algae. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UGqZsSuG7ao Notes 1. smaller Ponds are generally __________and shallower __________than lakes. 2. Ponds and lakes form when water hollows collects in ________ and ___________ areas of land. 3. * * * * * Five ways lakes can be formed: Rainfall melting snow and ice runoff supply water to ponds and lakes fed by rivers groundwater 4. Lake turnover is the Seasonal _______________change than refreshes ___________nutrients throughout the lake. Chapter 2 Fresh Water Section 3: Wetlands and Environments 17. Wetland An area of land that is covered with a shallow layer of water during some or all of the year. 1. A. Three types of wetland environments: Marshes B. Swamps C. Bogs 2. sheltered Because of their _________waters nutrients and rich supply of _________, habitats wetlands provide _________ for many living things. 3. Wetlands also help control floods extra runoff from heavy rains. by absorbing __________________________ Wetland Demo Everglades- A wetland http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uUGS iQgobP0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m9b9 KNtQrZA 4. Three threats to the Everglades: A. farming has introduced new chemicals B. C. developers have filled in areas of wetland to build new homes and roads. New organisms brought into the area accidentally or for pest control compete with other organisms for space and food. Chapter 2 Fresh Water Section 4: Glaciers and Icebergs Section 4 18. Glacier A huge mass of ice and snow that moves slowly over the land. 1. Glaciers are formed when: *Layers of snow pile on top of more layers of snow. Over time, the weight of the layers presses the particles of snow so tightly together that they form a solid block of ice. 2. Icebergs form when glaciers break off from a snow-formed glacier ______________________________ and is floats in open water. _____________________________ 90% _______ percent of an iceberg is underwater. 3 Hazard to ships because it is often much wider than the visible part of the iceberg. Titanic Video Global Warming and Antartica http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y HTWDBF_6ZY&feature=related Chapter 2 Fresh Water Section 5: Water Underground 19. Pores Tiny openings in and between particles of rock and soil which may contain air or water. 20. Permeable Characteristic of materials that allow water to easily pass through them, such as sand and gravel. 21. Impermeable Characteristic of materials through which water does not easily pass, such as clay and granite. 22. Saturated zone A layer of permeable rock or soil in which the cracks and pores are totally filled with water. 23. Unsaturated zone A layer of rocks and soil above the water table in which the pores contain air as well as water. 24. Water table The top of the saturated zone, or depth to the groundwater in an aquifer. 25. Aquifer An underground layer of rock or soil that holds water. Ogallala Aquifer in Nebraska is a vast yet shallow underground water table aquifer located beneath the Great Plains. 26. Recharge New water that enters an aquifer from the surface. 27. Artesian well A well in which water rises because of pressure within the aquifer. 28. Spring A place where groundwater bubbles or flows out of cracks in the rocks. 29. Geyser A type of hot spring in which the water is under pressure and bursts periodically into the air. 1. Three Examples of Permeable Materials: A. Sand B. Gravel C. Crushed rock gravel are permeable materials 2. List three examples of impermeable materials: A. Clay B. C. Granite Metal, Glass, etc… 3. People can obtain groundwater from an aquifer by drilling a well below the water table. _______________________________ 4. Water pressure brings groundwater to the surface naturally in artesian well ______________________, spring ______________________, and a geyser _______________________.