Transcript Lecture 2 - Midlands State University

Lecture 2
• Multirateralism
• Is a policy of acting in consent with
others to achieve certain ends- for
example diplomacy, defense,
disarmament, and economic
development.
Lecture 2.1
• The increased interdependence of states in
economic, political and military matters
coupled with rapid industrial, scientific and
technological developments in the 20th
Century has led to the growth of permanent
multilateral diplomatic institutions (provide
framework upon which states with common
positions- geographical, political, sociocultural and economic)
•
Lecture 2.3
• The field of defense depict aspects of
multilateralism particularly the concepts
of collective security:
• Axis powers in WW1
• NATO &Warsaw Pact WW2
• Five Power Defense Arrangement
• ANZUS
• SADC Defense Pact
Lecture 2.4
• Institutions
• There is no widely agreed definition of
institutions in IR literature. According to
Mershiemer 1994 Institution is a set of
rules that stipulate the ways in which
states should co-operate and compete
with each other.
Lecture 2.5
• They prescribe acceptable forms of state
behavior and proscribe unacceptable kinds of
behavior.
• These rules are negotiated by states, they
entail mutual acceptance of higher norms that
are standards of behavior defined in terms of
rights and obligations.
• These rules are typically formalized
international agreements and are usually
embroiled in organizations with their own
personnel and budgets.
Lecture 2.6
• NB institutions are not form of world
government. States themselves must choose
to obey the rules the created.
• Institutions cannot be understood simply
through their formal rules, since actual
practices often diverge from these rules.
Institutional behavior is dynamic, and can
better understand through regularized
patterns of behavior that emerge form
underlying structures, or set of rules.
Lecture 2.7
• Institutions can also reproduce existing
social and power inequalities only to
fulfill certain requirements, thus
perpetuating current social patterns of
gender, race, ethnicity, domination
underdevelopment, etc (G8,G77 , EU,
NATO,AU…
Lecture 2.8
• Development
• The concept of development has different
meanings as different scholars have
emphasized different dimensions
• Development is fundamentally a process of
change that involves the whole society i.e. its
economic, socio cultural, political and
physical structure as well as the value
systems and way of life of the people.
Lecture 2.9
• The process can be likened to the
turning of a wheel in which each
segment pushes one ahead of it and is
in turn pushed by one behind.
•
• Therefore the variables of development
are interdependent.
Lecture 2.10
• Development can be viewed on one hand as
a process of realizing certain goals or values
such as improved health (UNICEF, WHO),
housing, better nutrition (FAO), greater
communication network, increased command
over resources etc..
• On one hand more developed and less
developed countries can be studied
comparatively and empirical differences
between then can be used to illustrate the
meaning of development.
Lecture 2.11
• Such comparisons often focus on
variations in per capita income,
percentages of people living in rural
areas, percentage of people in primary,
secondary and tertiary sectors, the
literacy rate, mortality and fertility rates.
Lecture 2.12
• Apart from predominantly economic
variables development can also be
measured from sociological perspective,
like the division of labour, social
differentiation and realization of values.
• There is also the political dimension to
development and this can be realize
through mobilization and participation.