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American History Chapter 3: An Emerging New Nation I. Life in the New Nation Bell Ringer • In 1810 1/7th of the population lived West of the Appalachian Mountains. • By 1840 1/3 lived there. • What would the impact of such rapid population growth be? • Economic? Family life? Sense of connectedness? Impact on the natives? Objectives • • • • • Find out how America’s growing and young population spurred territorial expansion, and discover how the United States Gained Texas and the Oregon Country. See how a spirit of improvement, along with the Industrial Revolution and new transportation and communication, affected the nation’s development. Discover the key characteristics of the Second Great Awakening and of African American worship. Illinois Teaching Standards Met: STATE GOAL 16: Understand events, trends, individuals and movements shaping the history of Illinois, the United States and other nations. • 16.D.5 (US) Analyze the relationship between an issue in United States social history and the related aspects of political, economic and environmental history • 16.E.5a (W) Analyze how technological and scientific developments have affected human productivity, human comfort and the environment. A) America’s Population: Growing and Young • Population growth from 1780-1830: 2.7 mil – 12 mil • Lots of young people • Women averaged 5 children • Place to go was west of the Appalachians B) Territorial Expansion • Life on the Frontier: long difficult journey, slavery outlawed but ignored, Indians uprooted and moved west • Expansion into Florida: Spain controlled Florida but did little to control the Seminoles. Americans still moved there • Jackson and Florida: Because of the Indian attacks, General Jackson invaded and took Florida upsetting Spain. 1) Adams-Onis Treaty: Spain gave up Florida, in return the US gave up Texas. Blackhawk War of 1832 • 1804: some Sauk and Fox Indians were visiting St. Louis. Signed a deal seceding all land east of the Mississippi. Not chiefs. • 1825: Blackhawk and Keokuk singed a treaty in English that gave the land up again. And forced off by 1828 • 1832: US not paying money or food and Indians starving, Blackhawk crossed Mississippi to live with the Winnebagos. • No food or military aid arrived – US sent army, Blackhawk tried to get back. • Raided Apple River Fort settlement for food. • Stillman Run • 800 men, women, and children massacred at Bad Axe Wisconsin trying to cross the Mississippi. • Aftermath: 3 future presidents fought, Lincoln, Taylor, Davis • Blackhawk traveled to DC, met with Jackson, given a tour of US cities on the way home. C) Texas and Oregon Country • Americans under Stephen Austin moved to Texas (part of Mexico). Wanted Mexico to guarantee Slavery. Mexico said no. • General Santa Anna declared himself dictator of Mexico and stripped Texas of self rule – Texas rebelled. • Santa Anna took the Alamo and massacred 300 Texans at Goliad. • Sam Houston led an army that defeated Santa Anna and the Republic of Texas was created. • Americans began moving to Oregon by the Oregon Trail that started in Independence Missouri. • 2,000 mile trek, by 1845, 5,000 Americans had migrated there • US and Britain divided up the territory • Mormons moved out west from New York under their leader Joseph Smith. Moved to Nauvoo Illinois and was killed. Brigham Young moved them to Utah and founded Salt Lake City. D) The Spirit of Improvement • Americans like Daniel Webster (Dictionary) believed they could improve themselves through education. • Webster wanted free public education and teach kids republican virtues– some states encouraged it. 2) Republican Virtues: selfreliance, industry, frugality, harmony, and to sacrifice the individual for the community. • Looked to women to teach children these virtues. E) The Industrial Revolution 3) Industrial Revolution: effort, beginning in Britain in the late 1700’s, to increase production by using machines powered by sources other than humans or animals. • James Watts’s steam engine, Samuel Slater's textile mill, Eli Whitney's interchange parts (gun) and cotton gin 4) Cotton gin: machine that separates cotton seeds from raw fibers. • Cotton gin actually increased slavery because more cotton was needed. F) Transportation and Communication • Robert Fulton’s steamboat the Clermont • 3,000 miles of canals built – Erie Canal (363 mile 1825) connected all 5 Great Lakes • Cumberland road was first major road. Most roads built by private companies and charged tolls • 1828 the first Railroad (B and O) was built in Baltimore and Maryland. By 1840 there were 3,300 miles of rail built. • Postal service grew – newspapers and magazines now available G) The Second Great Awakening 5) • 6) • • • • Second Great Awaking: Religious movement of the early 1800’s Common feature was a “revival”, where people were brought back to a religious life. denomination: religious subgroups. Baptists: baptized people are older – understand. Methodists: spread message by horseback Unitarians – believe Jesus Christ is a unity not a trinity Joseph Smith published The Book of Mormon: Church of Jesus Christ and Later-day Saints – church centered in North America, not Jerusalem, free of ministers, truer, more simpler H) African American Worship • Methodists first to include African Americans • Used call-and-respond method in mass 7) spirituals: religious folk hymns • Most churches did not include African Americans • 1816 – African Americans formed the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) Conclusion 1) Why was the population young and growing in the early 1800’s? 2) Trace the causes and effects of the westward migration of Native Americans; the independence of Texas; the Adam-Onis Treaty 3) Name three inventions or innovations that changed early American life. 4) What new religious denominations arose during the Second Great Awakening?