COLONIAL SETTLEMENTS



Religious Freedom

Main religion at the time was the

Roman Catholic Church

 King Henry VIII broke away and formed the

Anglican Church

in 1534.

 Many people dissented with the beliefs and practices of the Anglican Church to disagree  England persecuted everyone that refused to agree with the Anglican Church of England.

to mistreat

Who were the dissenters?

 Puritans and Separatists  Puritans wanted to reform the Anglican Church to change  Separatists wanted to leave and set up their own churches  England

dissenters

saw America as a place where they could worship freely.

Separatists

  They were persecuted in England causing some to flee to the Netherlands    Some of them made an arrangement with the Virginia Company If they could settle in Virginia and practice their religion freely, Then, they would give the company a share of any profits they made.

They called themselves

Pilgrims

journey had a religious purpose since their



Pilgrims Journey on the Mayflower

In 1620, passengers boarded the Mayflower planning to settle in Virginia. (35 of the 102 people were Pilgrims)  Due to the oncoming winter, they dropped anchor when they first saw land in the Cape Cod Bay near Massachusetts.

 Since Plymouth was outside the territory of the Virginia Company, a formal document was drawn up before they even set foot on land.

Mayflower Compact

 In the compact, the Pilgrims pledged their loyalty to England and declared their intention of forming “a civil body politic, for our better ordering and preservation.”  They also promised to obey the laws passed for “the general good of the colony.”  This was a necessary step in the development of a representative government in America.

Mayflower Compact

 First governing document created in the American colonies  Established ideas of self-government  Rule of Law  Majority rules



Native American Introduction

In their first winter, almost

half

malnutrition, disease, and cold. the Pilgrims died of  In the spring, the Native Americans approached the Pilgrims and

befriended the colonists

.



Squanto

and

Samoset

showed the Pilgrims how to grow crops, hunt and fish. They also helped the Pilgrims make a

treaty

with the

Wampanoag

people. 

Massasoit,

the Wampanoag leader, signed a treaty with the Pilgrims in

March 1621

, and the two groups lived in

harmony

.

 Without their help, the Pilgrims might not have survived.



Puritans

In 1629, the Puritans were granted a charter to form the Massachusetts Bay Company.

 This was their chance to create a new society that was based on the Bible in America.

 In 1630, John Winthrop named to be the colony’s governor led a group of about 900 men, women, and children to Massachusetts Bay.

 Most settled in a place called Boston. They wanted it to be known as the “City on the Hill.”  During the 1630’s, more than 15,000 Puritans journeyed to Massachusetts. This movement of people was known as the Great Migration .

 At first, John Winthrop and his assistants who were chosen by the General Court.

colony’s stockholders  In 1634, the settlers demanded a larger role in the government so the General Court became an

elected

assembly.

 Adult male church members were allowed to vote for governor and their town’s representatives to the General Court.

  They had little toleration for others – they criticized or persecuted people who held other religious views.

This led to the creation of new colonies.

The New England Colonies

Massachusetts (Maine) New Hampshire Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut

Connecticut

  In the 1630’s, settlers began to settle in the fertile Connecticut River area, south of Massachusetts.

 They were drawn in by the good land In 1636, Thomas Hooker – a minister dissatisfied with Massachusetts, led his congregation through the wilderness and founded the town of Hartford.

Connecticut

 Thomas Hooker- founder  Hartford, Windsor and Wethersfield (two other towns) agreed to form a colony  They adopted a plan of government called the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut.

 The first written constitution in America  It described the organization of representative government in detail

Rhode Island

  Roger Williams was the leader of a group of people forced out of Massachusetts for their religious differences.   He believed you should not be persecuted for their religious practices.

He believed that the government shouldn’t force people to worship in a certain way and that people should not be persecuted for their religious practices, (separation of church and state).

He left Massachusetts and took refuge with the Narraganset people.

 They sold him their land and he started a colony, Providence.

 In 1644, he received a

charter

for a colony east of Connecticut called Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.  It was founded on the basis of freedom of religion  All faiths were welcomed!!!

 Rhode Island became a safe place for dissenters – it was the first place where people could worship freely.

Anne Hutchinson

    Anne Hutchinson was a woman who started to question religious authority.

She believed you could go directly to God so you could pray to God without going through a priest.

She was banished to Rhode Island.

She moved to Providence with Roger Williams and started the Rhode Island Colony.

New Hampshire

    In 1638, John Wheelwright led a group of

dissenteds

from Massachusetts to the north. They founded the town of Exeter in New Hampshire. The same year, a group of Puritans settled Hampton.

The colony of New Hampshire became fully independent of Massachusetts in 1679.

Conflict with Native Americans

 Even though the Native Americans helped the settlers adapt to the land and traded with them, conflicts arose.

 Usually settlers moved onto Native American lands without permission or payment.

 They fiercely competed for control of the land.

 Natives ultimately lost power allowing the colonists to expand their settlements.

Middle Colonies

New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware

New Netherland

 Along the Hudson River was a trading post belonging to the Dutch West India Company, which grew into the colony the New Netherlands.  The largest settlement, New Amsterdam located on Manhattan Island became a major seaport for exporting and importing goods.

 England attacks New Amsterdam in 1664 to acquire the Dutch colony.

 Governor Peter Stuyvesant unprepared for battle surrendered the colony to the English.

 King Charles II gave the colony to his brother, the Duke of York.

New York

 Now a proprietary colony Colony in which the owner, or proprietor, owned all the land and controlled the government  The Duke promised the diverse colonists freedom of religion and allowed them to keep their property.

 Because of this, Dutch colonists remained in NY.

 Although the Duke resisted, a legislature was elected in 1691.

New Jersey

 The southern part of the Duke of York’s colony was gifted to Lord John Berkley and Sir George Carteret.

 To attract settlers, the proprietors offered large tracts of land and generous terms:  Freedom of religion  Trial by jury   A representative assembly Profits were bleak so the proprietor’s sold their shares back into the hands of the king.

Pennsylvania

 William Penn accepted land in America exchange for a debt owed.

  Belonged to a Protestant group of dissenters called Quakers Society of Friends who believed everyone had an “inner light” that could guide him to salvation Quakers were pacifists  People who refuse to use force or to fight in wars Penn designed and supervised the building of the city of Philadelphia, “The City of Brotherly Love”

Delaware

 Southern part of Pennsylvania was called the Three Lower Counties.

 Settled by Swedes, taken over by the Dutch and the English  The Charter of Privileges allowed these counties to form their own legislature  The counties thereafter functioned as a separate colony known as Delaware  It was supervised by Pennsylvania’s governor

Southern Colonies

Maryland Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia

Maryland

 The dream of Sir George Calvert, Lord Baltimore  To establish a safe place for his fellow Catholics  Hoping a colony would bring him fortune  King Charles I gave him a proprietary colony north of Virginia  His son, Cecilius Calvert, inherited the colony  Sent his brothers to run colony  To prevent tobacco dependency  Additional crops had to be planted on ratios compared to the amount of tobacco planted

 Additional workers were now needed  The colony imported indentured servants and enslaved Africans  Dispute over Maryland/Pennsylvania boundary  British astronomers Mason-Dixon took years to lay out the boundary stones  Due to outnumbered Catholics   Act of Toleration passed an act granting Protestant and Catholics the right to worship freely Due to protestant control in assembly, Anglican now official church of Maryland

Virginia

 Continued to grow inland  William Berkeley worked out arrangement with Native Americans for a large piece of land to keep settlers from pushing farther inland.

 Nathaniel Bacon and Bacon’s Rebellion  Resented Berkeley’s pledge  Settled in forbidden lands  Bacon attacked Jamestown  Proof that settlers would not be restricted to coast  Colonial government created militia force to control Native Americans and opened up more land

Carolinas

 King Charles II created a large proprietary colony and gave it to a group of eight prominent members of his court  They carved out large estates for themselves  Hoping to make money by selling/renting land  John Locke  Wrote constitution for colony plan of government  The people went their separate ways creating two colonies

Northern Carolina

 Settled by farmers  Grew tobacco  Sold forest products  No good coast, no harbor  Relied on Virginia’s ports and merchants to conduct trade

Southern Carolina

 Settlements spread due to:  Fertile farmland  Good harbor   Trade flourished Discovery of rice as colony’s leading crop  Eliza Lucas  Developed Indigo a blue flowering plant, aka “blue gold”

Carolinas

 Slave labor  Most settlers came from Barbados  Used indentured servants  Colonists brought them to work  Settlers were angry at

proprietors

 Wanted greater role in colony’s government  Carolina officially became two royal colonies

Georgia

 General James Oglethorpe received charter  Was to create a colony where English debtors and poor people could make a new start those who are unable to repay their debts  British government wanted to use this colony to protect the other British colonies from Spanish attack

Olgethorpe’s Town

 Hardworking, independent, Protestant people  Kept small farms  Banned slavery, Catholics, and rum  Few debtors, mainly poor people and religious refugees  Higher percentage of non-British settlers than any other colony  Colonists continued to complain  Slavery, rum ban lifted  Gave more land to people  Turned colony back over to King