Transcript Biology - Meester Martinez

Biology
Biology
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
12-3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
12–3 RNA and Protein
Synthesis
Genes - are a distinct sequence of nucleotides
(DNA) that code for the production of proteins.
A unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to
offspring and is held to determine some characteristic
of the...: "proteins coded directly by genes."
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
The Structure of RNA
The Structure of RNA
There are three main differences between RNA and DNA:
•The sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose.
•RNA is generally single-stranded.
•RNA contains uracil in place of thymine.
What are the differences
between DNA and RNA?
Similarities?
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Types of RNA
Types of RNA
There are three main types of RNA:
• messenger RNA (mRNA)
• ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
• transfer RNA (tRNA)
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Types of RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries copies of
instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins.
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Types of RNA
Ribosome
Ribosomal RNA
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) are part of ribosomes.
Ribosomes make proteins
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Types of RNA
Amino acid
Transfer RNA
Transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers each amino acid to
the ribosome and reads the mRNA strand.
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Transcription
Transcription
DNA  mRNA
DNA is copied in the form of RNA
The process begins at a section of DNA called a
promoter.
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Transcription
RNA
RNA polymerase
DNA
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
RNA Editing
RNA Editing
Some DNA within a gene is not needed to produce
a protein. These areas are called introns.
The DNA sequences that code for proteins are
called exons.
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
The introns are cut
out of RNA molecules.
RNA Editing
Exon Intron
The exons are the
spliced together to
form mRNA.
DNA
Pre-mRNA
mRNA
Cap
Tail
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
The Genetic Code
The Genetic Code
The genetic code is the “language” of mRNA
instructions.
The code is written using four “letters” (the bases:
A, U, C, and G).
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
The Genetic Code
A codon consists of three consecutive nucleotides
on mRNA that specify a particular amino acid.
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
The Genetic Code
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Translation
Translation
Translation is the decoding of an mRNA
message into a amino acids to make a
protein (polypeptide chain).
Translation takes place on ribosomes.
During translation, the cell uses
information from messenger RNA to
produce proteins.
Nucleus
mRNA
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Translation
The ribosome binds new tRNA molecules and amino
acids as it moves along the mRNA.
Phenylalanine
tRNA
Lysine
Methionine
Ribosome
mRNA
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Start codon
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Translation
Protein Synthesis
Lysine
tRNA
Translation direction
mRNA
Ribosome
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Translation
The process continues until the ribosome reaches
a stop codon.
Polypeptide
Ribosome
tRNA
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mRNA
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Codon
Genes and Proteins
Codon Codon
DNA
Transcription
Single strand of DNA
Codon Codon Codon
mRNA
mRNA
Translation
Protein
Alanine Arginine Leucine
Amino acids within
a polypeptide
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJxobgkPEAo
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Click to Launch:
Continue to:
- or -
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The role of a master plan in a building is similar
to the role of which molecule?
a. messenger RNA
b. DNA
c. transfer RNA
d. ribosomal RNA
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A base that is present in RNA but NOT in DNA is
a. thymine.
b. uracil.
c. cytosine.
d. adenine.
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The nucleic acid responsible for bringing
individual amino acids to the ribosome is
a. transfer RNA.
b. DNA.
c. messenger RNA.
d. ribosomal RNA.
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A region of a DNA molecule that indicates to an
enzyme where to bind to make RNA is the
a. intron.
b. exon.
c. promoter.
d. codon.
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A codon typically carries sufficient information to
specify a(an)
a. single base pair in RNA.
b. single amino acid.
c. entire protein.
d. single base pair in DNA.
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