Transcript Chapter 22
CH 22 Upper Respiratory Anatomy James F. Thompson, Ph.D. Complex Pathway For Respiration • Specialized structures for: – conduction – gas exchange – position along the respiratory pathway determines the cell type lining the airway • Two anatomical and clinical subdivisions – upper respiratory tract – lower respiratory tract The Shape of the Nose Evolves in Response to the Environment The Nose and Nasal Cavity • Anatomy – – – – external nares vestibule nasal cavity and septum nasal conchae and meatuses – paranasal sinuses • Physiology – hairs filter air – mucosa warms and humidifies air – mucus traps air particles – olfactory epithelium detect smell stimuli – entire structure serves as resonating chamber for speech sounds The Pharynx • Anatomy – nasopharynx – oropharynx – laryngopharynx • Physiology – the common passage way for air and food – guarded by tonsils – not an intelligent design! naso oro laryngo The Larynx • Thyroid cartilage • Cricoid cartilage • Epiglottis (“valve”) • 3 smaller pairs of cartilage • Cuneiform • Corniculate • Arytenoid The Larynx Voice Production • Vestibular folds (false vocal cords) • Vocal folds (true vocal cords) – during exhalation laryngeal muscles pull the folds across the opening and tense the folds – exhaled air induces vibrations which create sound waves – volume – pitch The Trachea • Anatomy – mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage, adventitia – conduction portion of the airway has ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ goblet cells – cartilage “C” shaped rings • allow for support, expansion, protection • trachealis muscle on esophageal (dorsal) side • Physiology – airway has same cleaning defenses as nasal cavity, but also the mucociliary elevator – we cough to clear the airway The Bronchi • Carina – Sensitive area – Cough reflex • Bronchi - R & L primary bronchi – R shorter, wider more vertical • Entering lungs - primary bronchus secondary bronchi tertiary bronchi bronchioles terminal bronchioles The Respiratory Tree Extends Into The Lungs • Structural changes – Epithelium – Cartilage – Smooth muscle • Parasympathetic (ANS), allergic response bronchoconstriction • Sympathetic (ANS) response bronchodilation • histamine release • allergy/asthma End CH 22: Upper Respiratory Anatomy