Transcript Slide 1

5
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
 Exponential Functions
 Logarithmic Functions
 Compound Interest
 Differentiation of Exponential Functions
 Exponential Functions as Mathematical Models
5.1
Exponential Functions
y
4
f(x) = 2x
2
f(x) = (1/2)x
–2
x
2
Exponential Function
 The function defined by
f ( x)  b x
(b  0, b  1)
is called an exponential function with base b
and exponent x.
 The domain of f is the set of all real numbers.
Example
 The exponential function with base 2 is the function
f ( x)  2 x
with domain (– , ).
 Find the values of f(x) for selected values of x follow:
f (3)  23  8
 3
f    23/2  2  21/2  2 2
2
f (0)  20  1
Example
 The exponential function with base 2 is the function
f ( x)  2 x
with domain (– , ).
 Find the values of f(x) for selected values of x follow:
1
f ( 1)  2 
2
1
 2  2 2/3  1  1
f   
2/3
3
2
3
4


Laws of Exponents
 Let a and b be positive numbers and let x
and y be real numbers. Then,
1. b x  b y  b x  y
x
b
2. y  b x  y
b
3.
b
4.
 ab 
x

y
 b xy
x
 a xb x
x
x
a
a
5.    x
b
b
Examples
 Let f(x) = 2
2x – 1
. Find the value of x for which f(x) = 16.
Solution
 We want to solve the equation
22x – 1 = 16 = 24
 But this equation holds if and only if
5
giving x =
.
2
Example 2, page 331
2x – 1 = 4
Examples
 Sketch the graph of the exponential function f(x) = 2x.
Solution
 First, recall that the domain of this function is the set of
real numbers.
 Next, putting x = 0 gives y = 20 = 1, which is the y-intercept.
(There is no x-intercept, since there is no value of x for
which y = 0)
Example 3, page 331
Examples
 Sketch the graph of the exponential function f(x) = 2x.
Solution
 Now, consider a few values for x:
x
–5
–4
–3
–2
–1
0
1
2
3
4
5
y
1/32 1/16
1/8
1/4
1/2
1
2
4
8
16
32
 Note that 2x approaches zero as x decreases without bound:
✦ There is a horizontal asymptote at y = 0.
 Furthermore, 2x increases without bound when x increases
without bound.
 Thus, the range of f is the interval (0, ).
Example 3, page 331
Examples
 Sketch the graph of the exponential function f(x) = 2x.
Solution
 Finally, sketch the graph:
y
4
f(x) = 2x
2
–2
Example 3, page 331
x
2
Examples
 Sketch the graph of the exponential function f(x) = (1/2)x.
Solution
 First, recall again that the domain of this function is the
set of real numbers.
 Next, putting x = 0 gives y = (1/2)0 = 1, which is the
y-intercept.
(There is no x-intercept, since there is no value of x for
which y = 0)
Example 4, page 332
Examples
 Sketch the graph of the exponential function f(x) = (1/2)x.
Solution
 Now, consider a few values for x:
x
–5
–4
–3
–2
–1
0
1
2
3
y
32
16
8
4
2
1
1/2
1/4
1/8
4
5
1/16 1/32
 Note that (1/2)x increases without bound when x decreases
without bound.
 Furthermore, (1/2)x approaches zero as x increases without
bound: there is a horizontal asymptote at y = 0.
 As before, the range of f is the interval (0, ).
Example 4, page 332
Examples
 Sketch the graph of the exponential function f(x) = (1/2)x.
Solution
 Finally, sketch the graph:
y
4
2
f(x) = (1/2)x
–2
Example 4, page 332
x
2
Examples
 Sketch the graph of the exponential function f(x) = (1/2)x.
Solution
 Note the symmetry between the two functions:
y
4
f(x) = 2x
2
f(x) = (1/2)x
–2
Example 4, page 332
x
2
Properties of Exponential Functions
 The exponential function y = bx (b > 0, b ≠ 1) has
the following properties:
1. Its domain is (– , ).
2. Its range is (0, ).
3. Its graph passes through the point (0, 1)
4. It is continuous on (– , ).
5. It is increasing on (– , ) if b > 1 and
decreasing on (– , ) if b < 1.
The Base e
 Exponential functions to the base e, where e is an
irrational number whose value is 2.7182818…, play an
important role in both theoretical and applied problems.
 It can be shown that
m
1


e  lim 1  
m
 m
Examples
 Sketch the graph of the exponential function f(x) = ex.
Solution
 Since ex > 0 it follows that the graph of y = ex is similar to the
graph of y = 2x.
 Consider a few values for x:
x
–3
–2
–1
0
1
2
3
y
0.05
0.14
0.37
1
2.72
7.39
20.09
Example 5, page 333
Examples
 Sketch the graph of the exponential function f(x) = ex.
Solution
 Sketching the graph:
y
f(x) = ex
5
3
1
–3
Example 5, page 333
–1
x
1
3
Examples
 Sketch the graph of the exponential function f(x) = e–x.
Solution
 Since e–x > 0 it follows that 0 < 1/e < 1 and so
f(x) = e–x = 1/ex = (1/e)x is an exponential function with
base less than 1.
 Therefore, it has a graph similar to that of y = (1/2)x.
 Consider a few values for x:
x
y
Example 6, page 333
–3
–2
–1
0
1
2
3
20.09 7.39
2.72
1
0.37
0.14
0.05
Examples
 Sketch the graph of the exponential function f(x) = e–x.
Solution
 Sketching the graph:
y
5
3
1
–3
Example 6, page 333
–1
f(x) = e–x
x
1
3
5.2
Logarithmic Functions
y
y = ex
y=x
y = ln x
1
1
x
Logarithms
 We’ve discussed exponential equations of the form
y = bx
(b > 0, b ≠ 1)
 But what about solving the same equation for y?
 You may recall that y is called the logarithm of x to the
base b, and is denoted logbx.
✦ Logarithm of x to the base b
y = logbx if and only if x = by
(x > 0)
Examples
 Solve log3x = 4 for x:
Solution
 By definition, log3x = 4 implies x = 34 = 81.
Example 2, page 338
Examples
 Solve log164 = x for x:
Solution
 log164 = x is equivalent to 4 = 16x = (42)x = 42x, or 41 = 42x,
from which we deduce that
2x  1
1
x
2
Example 2, page 338
Examples
 Solve logx8 = 3 for x:
Solution
 By definition, we see that logx8 = 3 is equivalent to
8  23  x 3
x2
Example 2, page 338
Logarithmic Notation
log x = log10 x
ln x = loge x
Common logarithm
Natural logarithm
Laws of Logarithms
 If m and n are positive numbers, then
1. logb mn  logb m  logb n
m
2. logb  logb m  logb n
n
3. logb mn  n logb m
4. logb 1  0
5. logb b  1
Examples
 Given that log 2 ≈ 0.3010, log 3 ≈ 0.4771, and log 5 ≈ 0.6990,
use the laws of logarithms to find
log15  log 3  5
 log 3  log5
 0.4771  0.6990
 1.1761
Example 4, page 339
Examples
 Given that log 2 ≈ 0.3010, log 3 ≈ 0.4771, and log 5 ≈ 0.6990,
use the laws of logarithms to find
log 7.5  log(15 / 2)
 log(3  5 / 2)
 log 3  log5  log 2
 0.4771  0.6990  0.3010
 0.8751
Example 4, page 339
Examples
 Given that log 2 ≈ 0.3010, log 3 ≈ 0.4771, and log 5 ≈ 0.6990,
use the laws of logarithms to find
log81  log 34
 4 log 3
 4(0.4771)
 1.9084
Example 4, page 339
Examples
 Given that log 2 ≈ 0.3010, log 3 ≈ 0.4771, and log 5 ≈ 0.6990,
use the laws of logarithms to find
log50  log 5  10
 log 5  log10
 0.6990  1
 1.6990
Example 4, page 339
Examples
 Expand and simplify the expression:
log3 x 2 y 3  log3 x 2  log3 y 3
 2 log3 x  3log3 y
Example 5, page 340
Examples
 Expand and simplify the expression:
x2  1
log 2 x  log 2  x 2  1  log 2 2 x
2
 log 2  x 2  1  x log 2 2
 log 2  x 2  1  x
Example 5, page 340
Examples
 Expand and simplify the expression:
x 2 ( x 2  1)1/2
x2 x2  1
 ln
ln
x
ex
e
 ln x 2  ln( x 2  1)1/2  ln e x
1
 2 ln x  ln( x 2  1)  x ln e
2
1
 2 ln x  ln( x 2  1)  x
2
Example 5, page 340
Logarithmic Function
 The function defined by
f ( x)  logb x
(b  0), b  1)
is called the logarithmic function with base b.
 The domain of f is the set of all positive numbers.
Properties of Logarithmic Functions
 The logarithmic function
y = logbx
(b > 0, b ≠ 1)
has the following properties:
1. Its domain is (0, ).
2. Its range is (– , ).
3. Its graph passes through the point (1, 0).
4. It is continuous on (0, ).
5. It is increasing on (0, ) if b > 1
and decreasing on (0, ) if b < 1.
Example
 Sketch the graph of the function y = ln x.
Solution
 We first sketch the graph of y = ex.
 The required graph is
the mirror image of the
y
x
graph of y = e with
respect to the line y = x:
y = ex
y=x
y = ln x
1
1
Example 6, page 341
x
Properties Relating
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
 Properties relating ex and ln x:
eln x = x
ln ex = x
(x > 0)
(for any real number x)
Examples
 Solve the equation 2ex + 2 = 5.
Solution
 Divide both sides of the equation by 2 to obtain:
5
x 2
e   2.5
2
 Take the natural logarithm of each side of the equation
and solve:
ln e x 2  ln 2.5
( x  2) ln e  ln 2.5
x  2  ln 2.5
x  2  ln 2.5
x  1.08
Example 7, page 342
Examples
 Solve the equation 5 ln x + 3 = 0.
Solution
 Add – 3 to both sides of the equation and then divide both
sides of the equation by 5 to obtain:
5ln x  3
3
ln x    0.6
5
and so:
eln x  e 0.6
x  e 0.6
x  0.55
Example 8, page 343
5.3
Compound Interest
A1  P(1  i )
2
Second Period: A2  A1 (1  i )  [ P(1  i )](1  i )  P(1  i )
2
3
Third Period: A3  A2 (1  i )  [ P(1  i ) ](1  i )  P(1  i )




nth Period:
An  An 1 (1  i )  [ P(1  i )n 1 ](1  i )  P(1  i )n
First Period:
Compound Interest
 Compound interest is a natural application of the
exponential function to business.
 Recall that simple interest is interest that is computed only
on the original principal.
 Thus, if I denotes the interest on a principal P (in dollars)
at an interest rate of r per year for t years, then we have
I = Prt
 The accumulated amount A, the sum of the principal and
interest after t years, is given by
A  P  I  P  Prt
 P(1  rt )
Simple interest formula
Compound Interest
 Frequently, interest earned is periodically added to the
principal and thereafter earns interest itself at the same
rate. This is called compound interest.
 Suppose $1000 (the principal) is deposited in a bank for a
term of 3 years, earning interest at the rate of 8% per year
compounded annually.
 Using the simple interest formula we see that the
accumulated amount after the first year is
A1  P(1  rt )
 1000[1  0.08(1)]
 1000(1.08)  1080
or $1080.
Compound Interest
 To find the accumulated amount A2 at the end of the
second year, we use the simple interest formula again, this
time with P = A1, obtaining:
A2  P(1  rt )  A1 (1  rt )
 1000[1  0.08(1)][1  0.08(1)]
 1000(1  0.08)2  1000(1.08)2  1166.40
or approximately $1166.40.
Compound Interest
 We can use the simple interest formula yet again to find
the accumulated amount A3 at the end of the third year:
A3  P (1  rt )  A2 (1  rt )
 1000[1  0.08(1)]2 [1  0.08(1)]
 1000(1  0.08)3  1000(1.08)3  1259.71
or approximately $1259.71.
Compound Interest
 Note that the accumulated amounts at the end of each year
have the following form:
A1  1000(1.08)
A2  1000(1.08) 2
A1  P (1  r )
or:
A3  1000(1.08) 3
A2  P (1  r ) 2
A3  P (1  r ) 3
 These observations suggest the following general rule:
✦ If P dollars are invested over a term of t years earning
interest at the rate of r per year compounded annually,
then the accumulated amount is
A  P(1  r)t
Compounding More Than Once a Year
 The formula
A  P(1  r)t
was derived under the assumption that interest was
compounded annually.
 In practice, however, interest is usually compounded more
than once a year.
 The interval of time between successive interest
calculations is called the conversion period.
Compounding More Than Once a Year
 If interest at a nominal a rate of r per year is compounded
m times a year on a principal of P dollars, then the simple
interest rate per conversion period is
i
r
m
Annual interest rate
Periods per year
 For example, the nominal interest rate is 8% per year, and
interest is compounded quarterly, then
r 0.08
i 
 0.02
m
4
or 2% per period.
Compounding More Than Once a Year
 To find a general formula for the accumulated amount, we
apply
A  P(1  r)t
repeatedly with the interest rate i = r/m.
 We see that the accumulated amount at the end of each
period is as follows:
A1  P(1  i )
2
Second Period: A2  A1 (1  i )  [ P(1  i )](1  i )  P(1  i )
2
3
Third Period: A3  A2 (1  i )  [ P(1  i ) ](1  i )  P(1  i )




nth Period:
An  An 1 (1  i )  [ P(1  i )n 1 ](1  i )  P(1  i )n
First Period:
Compound Interest Formula
 There are n = mt periods in t years, so the accumulated
amount at the end of t year is given by
r

A  P 1  
 m
mt
where
A = Accumulated amount at the end of t years
P = Principal
r = Nominal interest rate per year
m = Number of conversion periods per year
t = Term (number of years)
Example
 Find the accumulated amount after 3 years if $1000 is
invested at 8% per year compounded
a. Annually
b. Semiannually
c. Quarterly
d. Monthly
e. Daily
Example 1, page 347
Example
Solution
a. Annually.
Here, P = 1000, r = 0.08, m = 1, and t = 3, so
r

A  P 1  
 m
mt
 0.08 
 1000  1 

1 

 1000(1.08)3
 1259.71
or $1259.71.
Example 1, page 347
(1)(3)
Example
Solution
b. Semiannually.
Here, P = 1000, r = 0.08, m = 2, and t = 3, so
r

A  P 1  
 m
mt
 0.08 
 1000  1 

2


 1000(1.04)6
 1265.32
or $1265.32.
Example 1, page 347
(2)(3)
Example
Solution
c. Quarterly.
Here, P = 1000, r = 0.08, m = 4, and t = 3, so
r

A  P 1  
 m
mt
 0.08 
 1000  1 

4


 1000(1.02)12
 1268.24
or $1268.24.
Example 1, page 347
(4)(3)
Example
Solution
d. Monthly.
Here, P = 1000, r = 0.08, m = 12, and t = 3, so
r

A  P 1  
 m
mt
(12)(3)
 0.08 
 1000  1 

12


 1000(1.00667)36
 1270.24
or $1270.24.
Example 1, page 347
Example
Solution
e. Daily.
Here, P = 1000, r = 0.08, m = 365, and t = 3, so
r

A  P 1  
 m
mt
 0.08 
 1000  1 

365 

(365)(3)
 1000(1.00022)1095
 1271.22
or $1271.22.
Example 1, page 347
Effective Rate of Interest
 The last example demonstrates that the interest actually
earned on an investment depends on the frequency with
which the interest is compounded.
 For clarity when comparing interest rates, we can use
what is called the effective rate (also called the true rate):
✦ This is the simple interest rate that would produce the
same accumulated amount in 1 year as the nominal rate
compounded m times a year.
 We want to derive a relation between the nominal
compounded rate and the effective rate.
Effective Rate of Interest
 The accumulated amount after 1 year at a simple interest
rate reff per year is
A  P(1  reff )
 The accumulated amount after 1 year at a nominal interest
rate r per year compounded m times a year is
r

A  P 1  
 m
 Equating the two expressions gives
m
r

P (1  reff )  P  1  
 m
r

1  reff   1  
 m
m
Since t = 1
m
Effective Rate of Interest Formula
 Solving the last equation for reff we obtain the formula for
computing the effective rate of interest:
m
r

reff  1    1
 m
where
reff = Effective rate of interest
r = Nominal interest rate per year
m = Number of conversion periods per year
Example
 Find the effective rate of interest corresponding to a
nominal rate of 8% per year compounded
a. Annually
b. Semiannually
c. Quarterly
d. Monthly
e. Daily
Example 2, page 350
Example
Solution
a. Annually.
Let r = 0.08 and m = 1. Then
1
 0.08 
reff   1 
 1
1 

 1.08  1
 0.08
or 8%.
Example 2, page 350
Example
Solution
b. Semiannually.
Let r = 0.08 and m = 2. Then
2
 0.08 
reff   1 
 1
2 

 1.0816  1
 0.0816
or 8.16%.
Example 2, page 350
Example
Solution
c. Quarterly.
Let r = 0.08 and m = 4. Then
4
 0.08 
reff   1 
 1
4 

 1.08243  1
 0.08243
or 8.243%.
Example 2, page 350
Example
Solution
d. Monthly.
Let r = 0.08 and m = 12. Then
12
 0.08 
reff   1 
 1
12 

 1.083  1
 0.083
or 8.3%.
Example 2, page 350
Example
Solution
e. Daily.
Let r = 0.08 and m = 365. Then
365
 0.08 
reff   1 
 1
365 

 1.08328  1
 0.08328
or 8.328%.
Example 2, page 350
Effective Rate Over Several Years
 If the effective rate of interest reff is known,
then the accumulated amount after t years on
an investment of P dollars may be more readily
computed by using the formula
A  P(1  reff )t
Present Value
 Consider the compound interest formula:
r

A  P 1  
 m
mt
 The principal P is often referred to as the present value,
and the accumulated value A is called the future value,
since it is realized at a future date.
 On occasion, an investor may wish to determine how much
money he should invest now, at a fixed rate of interest, so
that he will realize a certain sum at some future date.
 This problem may be solved by expressing P in terms of A.
Present Value
 Present value formula for compound interest
r

P  A 1  
 m
 mt
Examples
 How much money should be deposited in a bank paying a
yearly interest rate of 6% compounded monthly so that
after 3 years the accumulated amount will be $20,000?
Solution
 Here, A = 20,000, r = 0.06, m = 12, and t = 3.
 Using the present value formula we get
r

P  A 1  
 m
 mt
 0.06 
 20,000  1 

12


 16,713
Example 3, page 351
 (12)(3)
Examples
 Find the present value of $49,158.60 due in 5 years at an
interest rate of 10% per year compounded quarterly.
Solution
 Here, A = 49,158.60, r = 0.1, m = 4, and t = 5.
 Using the present value formula we get
r

P  A 1  
 m
 mt
 0.1 
 49,158.6  1 

4


 30,000
Example 4, page 350
 (4)(5)
Continuous Compounding of Interest
 One question arises on compound interest:
✦ What happens to the accumulated amount over a fixed
period of time if the interest is compounded more and
more frequently?
 We’ve seen that the more often interest is compounded,
the larger the accumulated amount.
 But does the accumulated amount approach a limit when
interest is computed more and more frequently?
Continuous Compounding of Interest
 Recall that in the compound interest formula
r

A  P 1  
 m
mt
the number of conversion periods is m.
 So, we should let m get larger and larger (approach
infinity) and see what happens to the accumulated
amount A.
 But first, for clarity, lets rewrite the equation as follows:

r
A  P  1  
 m 
m t



Continuous Compounding of Interest
 Letting m → , we find that

r
lim P  1  
m
 m 
m t


r


P
lim
1


 m 

m




m t



 We can substitute u = m/r (note that u →  as m → ).
 Thus
  1
P lim 1  
u   u 
ur
t

  1
1 
  P ulim


   u 
u



rt
Continuous Compounding of Interest
 Now, you may recall that
u
 1
lim  1    e
u
 u
 So, we can restate as follows:
  1
P  lim 1  
u   u 
u
rt

rt
  Pe

 Thus, as the frequency with which interest is compounded
increases without bound, the accumulated amount
approaches Pert.
Continuous Compounding of Interest
 Continuous Compound Interest Formula
A = Pert
where
P = Principal
r = Annual interest rate compounded
continuously.
t = Time in years.
A = Accumulated amount at the end
of t years.
Examples
 Find the accumulated amount after 3 years if $1000 is
invested at 8% per year compounded (a) daily, and
(b) continuously.
Solution
a. Using the compound interest formula with P = 1000,
r = 0.08, m = 365, and t = 3, we find
mt
r

 0.08 
A  P 1    1000 1 

m
365




(365)(3)
 1271.22
b. Using the continuous compound interest formula with
P = 1000, r = 0.08, and t = 3, we find
A = Pert = 1000e(0.08)(3) ≈ 1271.25
Note that both solutions are very similar.
Example 5, page 352
Examples
 How long will it take $10,000 to grow to $15, 000 if the
investment earns an interest rate of 12% per year
compounded quarterly?
Solution
 Using the compound interest formula with A = 15,000,
P = 10,000, r = 0.12, and m = 4, we obtain
 0.12 
15,000  10,000 1 

4


15,000
4t
(1.03) 
 1.5
10,000
Example 7, page 354
4t
Examples
 How long will it take $10,000 to grow to $15, 000 if the
investment earns an interest rate of 12% per year
compounded quarterly?
Solution
 Taking logarithms on both sides gives
ln(1.03) 4 t  ln1.5
4t ln1.03  ln1.5
ln1.5
t
4 ln1.03
t  3.43
 So, it will take approximately 3.4 years for the investment
to grow from $10,000 to $15,000.
Example 7, page 354
Examples
 Find the interest rate needed for an investment of $10,000
to grow to an amount of $18,000 in 5 years if the interest is
compounded monthly.
Solution
 Using the compound interest formula with A = 18,000,
P = 10,000, m = 12, and t = 5, we find
r

A  P 1  
 m
mt
r 

18,000  10,000  1  
 12 
60
r 
18,000

 1.8
1   
10,000
 12 
Example 8, page 355
(12)(5)
Examples
 Find the interest rate needed for an investment of $10,000
to grow to an amount of $18,000 in 5 years if the interest is
compounded monthly.
Solution
 Taking the 60th root on both sides and solving for r we get
60
r 

 1    1.8
 12 
r 60
1
 1.8
12
r 60
 1.8  1
12
r  12
Example 8, page 355

60

1.8  1  0.009796
Examples
 Find the interest rate needed for an investment of $10,000
to grow to an amount of $18,000 in 5 years if the interest is
compounded monthly.
Solution
 Converting back into an exponential equation,
1
r
 e0.009796
12
 1.009844
and
r
 1.009844  1
12
r  0.1181
 Thus, the interest rate needed is approximately 11.81% per
year.
Example 8, page 355
5.4
Differentiation of the Exponential Function
y

1
2
1/2
, e 1/2

1

1
2
1/2
, e 1/2

f ( x)  exx
22
x
–1
1
Rule 1
Derivative of the Exponential Function
 The derivative of the exponential function with
base e is equal to the function itself:
d x
e   ex

dx
Examples
 Find the derivative of the function f ( x)  x e
2 x
Solution
 Using the product rule gives
d 2 x
2 d
x
x d
x
e

x
e

e
x2 





dx
dx
dx
 x 2e x  e x (2 x )
f ( x ) 
 xe x ( x  2)
Example 1, page 362
Examples

 Find the derivative of the function g (t )  e  2
Solution
 Using the general power rule gives
1/2 d
3 t
g (t )   e  2 
et  2 

2
dt
1/2 t
3 t
 e  2 e
2
1/2
3 t t
 e e  2
2
Example 1, page 362
t

3/2
Rule 2
Chain Rule for Exponential Functions
 If f(x) is a differentiable function, then
d f ( x)
f ( x)
e

e
f ( x )


dx
Examples
 Find the derivative of the function f ( x )  e
Solution
d
f ( x )  e
2x
dx
 e 2 x (2)
2x
 2e 2 x
Example 2, page 363
2x
Examples
 Find the derivative of the function y  e
Solution
dy
3 x d
e
( 3x )
dx
dx
 e 3 x ( 3)
 3e 3 x
Example 2, page 363
3x
Examples
 Find the derivative of the function
g(t )  e
Solution
g (t )  e
2 t 2 t
d
  2t 2  t 
dt
 (4t  1)e
Example 2, page 363
2 t 2 t
2t 2 t
Examples
 Find the derivative of the function
y  xe2x
Solution
dy
d 2 x
2 x d
 x e   e
 x
dx
dx
dx
d


 x  e 2 x  2 x    e 2 x (1)
dx


 xe 2 x ( 2)  e 2 x
 2 xe 2 x  e 2 x
 e 2 x (1  2 x )
Example 3, page 363
Examples
et
 Find the derivative of the function g (t )  t
e  et
Solution
t
t d
t
t d
t
t
e

e
e

e
e

e

 dt   dt 

g (t ) 
t
t 2
e  e 
e




Example 4, page 364
t
 e  t  et  et  et  e  t 
e
t
e
e2t  1  e2t  1
e
e
t
e
2
t
e

t 2

t 2

t 2
Examples
 Find the inflection points of the function
f ( x)  e
 x2
Solution
 Find the first and second derivatives of f :
f ( x )  2 xe
 x2
f ( x )  ( 2 x )( 2 xe
 2e
 x2
 x2
)  2e
 x2
(2 x 2  1)
 Setting f″ = 0 gives e– x = 0, and 2x2 – 1 = 0.
2
 Since e– x never equals zero for any real value of x, the only
2
candidates for inflection points of f are
x  1/ 2
 Testing values around these numbers we conclude that they
are indeed inflection points.
Example 6, page 364
Examples
 Find the inflection points of the function
f ( x)  e
 x2
Solution
y

1
2
, e 1/2

1

1
2
, e 1/2

f ( x)  e
 x2
x
–1
Example 6, page 364
1
5.5
Differentiation of Logarithmic Functions
y  x 2 ( x  1)( x 2  4)3
ln y  ln[ x 2 ( x  1)( x 2  4)3 ]
 ln( x 2 )  ln( x  1)  ln( x 2  4)3
 2 ln x  ln( x  1)  3ln( x 2  4)
Rule 3
Derivative of the Natural Logarithm
 The derivative of ln x is
d
1
ln x 
dx
x
( x  0)
Examples
 Find the derivative of the function f ( x)  x ln x
Solution
d
d
f ( x )  x  (ln x )  ln x  ( x )
dx
dx
1
 x     ln x  (1)
 x
 1  ln x
Example 1, page 372
Examples
 Find the derivative of the function g ( x ) 
Solution
d
d
(ln x )  ln x  ( x )
dx
g ( x )  dx
x2
1
x   ln x  (1)
x

x2
1  ln x

x2
x
Example 1, page 372
ln x
x
Rule 4
Chain Rule for Logarithmic Functions
 If f(x) is a differentiable function, then
d
f ( x )
ln f ( x) 
dx
f ( x)
[ f ( x )  0]
Examples
 Find the derivative of the function f ( x)  ln( x  1)
2
Solution
d 2
x  1

f ( x )  dx 2
x 1
2x
 2
x 1
Example 2, page 373
Examples
 Find the derivative of the function y  ln[( x 2  1)( x3  2)6 ]
Solution
y  ln[( x 2  1)( x 3  2)6 ]
 ln( x 2  1)  ln( x 3  2)6
 ln( x 2  1)  6ln( x 3  2)
d 2
d 3
( x  1)
( x  2)
dy dx
dx


6
dx
x2  1
x3  2
2x
3x 2
 2
6 3
x 1
x 2
2x
18 x 2
 2
 3
x 1 x  2
Example 3, page 373
Logarithmic Differentiation
 We have seen how finding derivatives of logarithmic
functions becomes easier when applying the laws of
logarithms.
 These laws can also be used in a process called logarithmic
differentiation to permit the differentiation of functions
that would be difficult to differentiate or even not be
differentiable through other means.
Examples
 Use logarithmic differentiation to find the derivative of
y  x( x  1)( x 2  1)
Solution
 Take the natural logarithm of both sides of the equation:
ln y  ln[ x( x  1)( x2  1)]
 Use the laws of logarithms to rewrite the equation:
ln y  ln( x)  ln( x  1)  ln( x 2  1)
 Differentiate both sides of the equation:
d
d
d
d
ln y  ln( x )  ln( x  1)  ln( x 2  1)
dx
dx
dx
dx
1
1
2x
 
 2
x x 1 x 1
Example 5, page 374
Examples
 Use logarithmic differentiation to find the derivative of
y  x( x  1)( x 2  1)
Solution
 On the left side, note that y is a function of x, therefore:
y  f ( x)
ln y  ln[ f ( x )]
d
d
ln y  ln[ f ( x )]
dx
dx
f ( x )

f ( x)
y

y
Example 5, page 374
Examples
 Use logarithmic differentiation to find the derivative of
y  x( x  1)( x 2  1)
Solution
 Thus, we have:
d
ln y 
dx
y

y
Example 5, page 374
1

x
1

x
1

x 1
1

x 1
2x
x2  1
2x
x2  1
Examples
 Use logarithmic differentiation to find the derivative of
y  x( x  1)( x 2  1)
Solution
 Finally, solving for y′ we get:
1
2x 
1

y  y 
 2

x
x

1
x

1


1
2x 
1
 x( x  1)( x 2  1)  
 2

x
x

1
x

1


Example 5, page 374
Logarithmic Differentiation
 To find dy/dx by logarithmic differentiation:
1. Take the natural logarithm on both sides of the
equation and use the properties of logarithms
to write any “complicated expression” as a sum
of simpler terms.
2. Differentiate both sides of the equation with
respect to x.
3. Solve the resulting equation for dy/dx.
Examples
 Use logarithmic differentiation to find the derivative of
y  x 2 ( x  1)( x 2  4)3
Solution
1. Take the natural logarithm of both sides of the equation
and use the laws of logarithms to rewrite the equation:
ln y  ln[ x 2 ( x  1)( x 2  4)3 ]
 ln( x 2 )  ln( x  1)  ln( x 2  4)3
 2 ln x  ln( x  1)  3ln( x 2  4)
Example 6, page 375
Examples
 Use logarithmic differentiation to find the derivative of
y  x 2 ( x  1)( x 2  4)3
Solution
2. Differentiate both sides of the equation:
d
d
d
d
ln y  2 ln x  ln( x  1)  3 ln( x 2  4)
dx
dx
dx
dx
1
1
2x
 2 
 3 2
x x 1
x 4
2
1
6x
 
 2
x x 1 x  4
Example 6, page 375
Examples
 Use logarithmic differentiation to find the derivative of
y  x 2 ( x  1)( x 2  4)3
Solution
3. Solve for dy/dx:
d
ln y 
dx
y

y
2

x
2

x
1

x 1
1

x 1
6x
x2  4
6x
x2  4
2
1
6x 

y  y  
 2

x
x

1
x

4


1
6x 
2
2
32
 x ( x  1)( x  4)  
 2

 x x 1 x  4 
Example 6, page 375
Examples
 Use logarithmic differentiation to find the derivative of
f ( x)  x x
( x  0)
Solution
1. Take the natural logarithm of both sides of the equation
and use the laws of logarithms to rewrite the equation:
ln f ( x )  ln x x
 x ln x
Example 7, page 376
Examples
 Use logarithmic differentiation to find the derivative of
f ( x)  x x
( x  0)
Solution
2. Differentiate both sides of the equation:
d
d
d
ln f ( x )  x  (ln x )  ln x  ( x )
dx
dx
dx
1
 x   ln x  (1)
x
 1  ln x
Example 7, page 376
Examples
 Use logarithmic differentiation to find the derivative of
f ( x)  x x
( x  0)
Solution
3. Solve for dy/dx:
d
ln f ( x )  1  ln x
dx
f ( x )
 1  ln x
f ( x)
f ( x)  f ( x)(1  ln x)
 x x (1  ln x)
Example 7, page 376
5.6
Exponential Functions as Mathematical Models
1. Growth of bacteria
2. Radioactive decay
3. Assembly time
Applied Example: Growth of Bacteria
 Under a laboratory, the number of bacteria in a culture
grows according to
Q(t )  Q0ekt
where Q0 denotes the number of bacteria initially present
in the culture, k is a constant determined by the strain of
bacteria under consideration, and t is the elapsed time
measured in hours.
 Suppose 10,000 bacteria are present initially in the culture
and 60,000 present two hours later.
a. How many bacteria will there be in the culture at the
end of four hours?
b. What is the rate of growth of the population after four
hours?
Applied Example 1, page 380
Applied Example: Growth of Bacteria
Solution
a. We are given that Q(0) = Q0 = 10,000, so Q(t) = 10,000ekt.
At t = 2 there are 60,000 bacteria, so Q(2) = 60,000, thus:
Q (t )  Q0e kt
60,000  10,000e 2 k
e2k  6
Taking the natural logarithm on both sides we get:
ln e2 k  ln 6
2k  ln 6
k  0.8959
So, the number of bacteria present at any time t is given by:
Q(t )  10,000e0.8959t
Applied Example 1, page 380
Applied Example: Growth of Bacteria
Solution
a. At the end of four hours (t = 4), there will be
Q(4)  10,000e0.8959(4)
 360,029
or 360,029 bacteria.
Applied Example 1, page 380
Applied Example: Growth of Bacteria
Solution
b. The rate of growth of the bacteria at any time t is given by
Q(t )  kQ(t )
Using the result from part (a), we find that the rate of
bacterial growth at the end of four hours is
Q(4)  kQ (4)
 (0.8959)(360,029)
 322,550
or approximately 322,550 bacteria per hour.
Applied Example 1, page 380
Applied Example: Radioactive Decay
 Radioactive substances decay exponentially.
 For example, the amount of radium present at any time t
obeys the law
Q(t )  Q0ekt
(0  t  )
where Q0 is the initial amount present and k is a suitable
positive constant.
 The half-life of a radioactive substance is the time required
for a given amount to be reduced by one-half.
 The half-life of radium is approximately 1600 years.
 Suppose initially there are 200 milligrams of pure radium.
a. Find the amount left after t years.
b. What is the amount after 800 years?
Applied Example 2, page 382
Applied Example: Radioactive Decay
Solution
a. The initial amount is 200 milligrams, so Q(0) = Q0 = 200, so
Q(t) = 200e–kt
The half-life of radium is 1600 years, so Q(1600) = 100, thus
100  200e 1600 k
1
1600 k
e

2
Applied Example 2, page 382
Applied Example: Radioactive Decay
Solution
a. Taking the natural logarithm on both sides yields:
1
ln e 1600 k  ln
2
1
1600k ln e  ln
2
1
1600k  ln
2
1
1
k
ln  0.0004332
1600 2
Therefore, the amount of radium left after t years is:
Q(t )  200e0.0004332t
Applied Example 2, page 382
Applied Example: Radioactive Decay
Solution
b. In particular, the amount of radium left after 800 years is:
Q(800)  200e0.0004332(800)
 141.42
or approximately 141 milligrams.
Applied Example 2, page 382
Applied Example: Assembly Time
 The Camera Division of Eastman Optical produces a single
lens reflex camera.
 Eastman’s training department determines that after
completing the basic training program, a new, previously
inexperienced employee will be able to assemble
Q(t )  50  30e0.5t
model F cameras per day, t months after the employee starts
work on the assembly line.
a. How many model F cameras can a new employee assemble
per day after basic training?
b. How many model F cameras can an employee with one
month of experience assemble per day?
c. How many model F cameras can the average experienced
employee assemble per day?
Applied Example 5, page 384
Applied Example: Assembly Time
Solution
a. The number of model F cameras a new employee can
assemble is given by
Q(0)  50  30  20
b. The number of model F cameras that an employee with
1, 2, and 6 months of experience can assemble per day is
given by
Q(1)  50  30e0.5(1)  31.80
or about 32 cameras per day.
c. As t increases without bound, Q(t) approaches 50.
Hence, the average experienced employee can be expected
to assemble 50 model F cameras per day.
Applied Example 5, page 384
End of
Chapter