Transcript Pune Talk - Savitribai Phule Pune University

Satish V. Kulkarni
Presented at
First National Conference on Energy and Environment
University of Pune
February 20, 2014
This presentation will discuss:
 World energy scene
 US perspective
 Role of universities
 Partnerships and collaborations, energy education
 Fracking and the Energy/Water tensions
 Critical materials and energy
 US-India Joint Clean Energy R&D Center
 Summary
Globally, sustainability* is our greatest challenge
Per capita availability of resources
is decreasing
*Development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising those of future generations.
(UN, 1987)
Per capita fossil fuel Carbon emissions (2007, in tons)
are increasing
(Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, ORNL)
U.S. energy flow-2009
Supply
Transmission/Distribution/Storage Demand Efficiency
Energy
efficiency
is the
low hanging
fruit
US energy security goals
 An ‘All-of-the-Above’ strategy that translates into:
 continued use of coal (with carbon capture and storage) and natural gas
 nuclear power for clean energy with a focus on lowering capital costs
and proliferation risks
 biofuels with the caveat of food security
 wind and solar power with lower costs and without subsidies with
adequate storage capacity
 modernization of the energy transmission/distribution infrastructure
 enhancing energy efficiency in the stationary, transportation and
manufacturing sectors through appropriate policies and incentives
 inculcating an energy conservation culture, and
 educating the next generation energy workforce
US energy security goals (cont.)
 By 2020, make non-residential buildings 20% more





energy efficient
By 2022, Renewable Fuel Standards (RFS)
biofuels blending mandate to 36 billion gallons
By 2025, reduce oil imports by 1/3
By 2025, Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFÉ)
Standards @ 54.5 mpg
By 2035, 80% of electricity will come from
clean energy sources
By 2050, reduce GHG emissions to 50% of 2000
emissions, i.e., to 12.8 Gt/yr
50 % Global Goal Requires ~40 Gigaton Reduction
60
2000 Emissions
2050 Reference
Emissions
2050 Global
Emissions at 50% of
2000 Emissions
CO2 Emissions (Gt CO2/yr)
50
40
+97%
(24.9 Gt/yr)
50.6 Gt/yr
30
-75%
(-37.7 Gt/yr)
20
25.7 Gt/yr
10
12.8 Gt/yr
0
In order meet G-8 leader goal to cut global CO2 emissions 50% by 2050,
projected annual emissions must be cut by 40 gigatons
1
Includes fossil and other industrial CO2.
Source: Climate Change Science Program. 2007. Scenarios
of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Atmospheric Concentrations (Estimates based on MINICAM model
9
results and other data).
How Big is One Gigaton of CO2?
Technology
Actions that Provide One Gigaton CO2/ Year of Mitigation or Offsets
Coal-Fired Power
Plants
Build 273 “zero-emission” 500 MW coal-fired power plants*
Geologic
Sequestration
Install 1,000 sequestration sites like Norway’s Sleipner project (1 MtCO2/year)
Nuclear
Equivalent to about 7% of current global coal-fired capacity of 2 million MW
Only 3 sequestration projects of this scale exist today
Build 136 new nuclear 1 GW power plants instead of coal-fired without CCS
Equivalent to about one third of existing worldwide nuclear capacity of 375 GW
Efficiency
Deploy 273 million new cars at 40 miles per gallon (mpg) instead of 20 mpg
New “CAFÉ” rules would accomplish about half that
Wind Energy
Install about 270,000 1 MW wind turbines
Roughly 3 times the global total installed wind capacity at end of 2007.
Solar
Photovoltaics
Install about 750 GW of solar PV
Biofuels
Convert a barren area about 2 times the size of the UK (over 480,000 km2), using
existing production technologies
CO2 Storage in
New Forest
Convert a barren area greater than the combined size of Germany and France (over
900,000 km2)
Roughly 125 times current global installed capacity of 6 GW*
Gigatons = 109 Metric tons (1000 Kilograms)
*Instead of coal-fired power plants
10 Plan, September 2006.
Source: Climate Change Technology Program Strategic
Role of universities
 Typically, a research university’s mission is knowledge creation,
educating the next generation and dissemination of knowledge for
the public good
 Thus innovation, which is translating ideas for societal benefit, is the
genetic code of the university
 The energy enterprise is a complex one requiring the application of
every conceivable discipline, and interdisciplinary research
is essential for success
 Universities can create the environment to foster interdisciplinary
teams without unnecessary barriers and develop partnerships
(including international) among research centers, national labs and
industry, thus providing an intellectual and operational framework
• Universities can provide a neutral ground for dialog among
stakeholders with competing agendas
Public and Land-Grant Universities in the US
 In 2012, the US celebrated the 150th Anniversary of the Morrill Act
establishing the Land-Grant University System under President Lincoln on
July 3, 1862
 The three-fold mission of land grant universities remains:
 education
 research and
 practical innovations to address societal problems
 These universities are part of the Association of Public and Land-Grant
Universities (APLU)
 They have made remarkable progress in the dissemination of knowledge
to practitioners for widespread adoption within the states they serve
 The focus has been on agriculture production, farm and home safety and
consumer issues
 Today, emphasis has to be also placed on energy, sustainability and urban
issues
 APLU launched the Energy Initiative in 2012
Univ of California-National Labs* Partnership Model
* Berkeley, Los Alamos and Livermore
13
Two entities can coexist
without loss of identity
National Laboratories
Universities
14
Corporate, university and local govt. partnerships
 Charlotte, North Carolina, aims to become the ‘energy capital’ of
the US (WPost, Sep 11, 2011)
 Since 2007, Charlotte has added ~5,600 new energy-related jobs, taking the total to
roughly 27,000 at 250 energy-oriented firms
 Duke Power and Cisco are teaming up to upgrade 12m sqft of office space with
smart grid technology that will reduce energy use by 20% over 5 years
 Univ of North Carolina at Charlotte has completed the $57 million, 200,000 sqft
Energy Production and Infrastructure Center, which aims to pool academic and
industry research in partnerships with companies such as Duke Energy and Areva
 Austin, Texas, is defying conservative, fossil-fueled Texas to become the
country’s clean-tech hub (Time, Feb 12, 2012)
 Austin has long been a science-and-technology hub, with the presence of the
University of Texas and Sematech; this has been leveraged effectively for clean-tech
 ~15,000 Austin residents are employed in the broader green economy, and Austin
Energy has pledged to get 35% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2020
 Pune can replicate this model!
National Energy Technology Laboratory—
Regional University Alliance (NETL-RUA)
A research collaboration that combines NETL's expertise in technology
development and demonstration with the
diverse capabilities of industry and university partners
NETL (Morgantown, W. Virginia and Pittsburgh, PA) is a Government Owned
Government Operated (GOGO) DOE national lab with a focus on
Coal
Oil and Gas
The Marcellus shale formation covers the states of PA, WVA , VA, Ohio and NY
Non-fossil energy research
Energy analysis
The 5 partner universities are part of an Appalachian Alliance
They have also established the University Energy Partnership (UEP) and
collaborated on several major energy initiatives
Energy education-Energy 101
 US DOE recently developed the
curricular framework for Energy 101
in collaboration with APLU
 First taught at University of Maryland
Energy 101 Fundamentals and Concepts
(Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy,
US DOE)
Virginia Tech has also developed a broad,
interdisciplinary energy education curriculum
 Sustainable Energy Solutions for a Global Society
 ESM/ME undergraduate/graduate course (Dave Dillard/Mike Ellis)
 It has four parts: energy fundamentals, transitional energy sources,
renewable energy sources, and energy consumption and conservation
 Presented in the context of global political, economic and environmental
impacts
 Green Engineering Program and Minor
 MSE undergraduate course (Sean McGinnis)
 Environmental impacts of the design, manufacture and use of engineered
products, processes and systems
 Energy issues across the life cycle of products are a fundamental theme in
the course
“An exemplar of an institution with an unusually comprehensive approach to
undergraduate education in sustainable engineering is Virginia Tech.”
2008 EPA Benchmarking Sustainable Engineering Education Report
Shale’s growing thrust for water
Financial Times, Feb 6, 2014
The No 1 issue in fracking is the tension
among the various uses of water
 It takes 407 million gallons to irrigate 640 acres to grow




about $200,000 worth of corn on an arid land*
The same amount of water can be used to frack enough wells
to generate $2.5 billion worth of oil and create employment
for thousands
The recent drought in the US has exacerbated the tension
between food and energy (fracking as well as biofuels)
Several states are enacting laws to regulate unprecedented
uses of enormous amount of water that has the potential for
chaos and conflicts
This issue will be magnified in India
*Wall Street Journal, Dec. 6, 2011
In our quest for renewable energy, potential critical
materials shortages* will have to be factored in
• Market, economics and politics will play a role
• Alternative materials/approaches will have to be developed
* A Path to Sustainable Energy, Jacobson and Delucci, Scientific American, Nov 2009
Critical Materials Energy Innovation Huba partnership among universities, national labs
and industry
•The NETL-RUA Team, led by Virginia
Tech, responded to this DOE call
•Virginia Tech is now supporting Ames
Laboratory in Iowa
The US-India Joint Clean Energy R&D Center
 In 2012, US and India launched the Center with the selection
of three consortia with a total funding of $125M
 These consortia are a partnership among universities,
national labs and industry in both countries. They are:
 Solar Energy – NREL and IISc
 2nd Generation Biofuels - Univ of Florida and IICT, Hyderabad
 Energy Efficiency of Buildings - LBNL and CEPT Univ,
Ahmedabad
 US Energy Secy Moniz will be India In March to further
expand the US-India partnership in clean energy
Summary
 Universities have a central role to play in the energy enterprise
 The energy/water/climate change nexus coupled with education is
uniquely a university grand challenge
• Need better understanding of
•
Impact of natural events, policies and politics
•
Sustainability

Wells to wheels, front-end to back-end, cradle to grave
 Education of the next generation and public is critical to energy
security
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THANK YOU