Transcript Classification

Classification
-Sorting It All Out
-The Six Kingdoms
Why Classify?
• Classification: the division of organisms
into groups based upon similar
characteristics
• Scientists classify organisms to help make
sense and order of the many kinds of living
things in the world
– Approximately 2 million organisms have been
identified and named to date
– Estimates suggest that between 5 and 30
million organisms exist
– 2/3 of these organisms are insects
– 99% of all species identified are smaller than a
bumblebee!!
How Do Scientists Classify Organisms?
• Before the 1600s, scientists divided organisms
into two groups – plants and animals
• In the 1700s, a Swedish scientist named
Carolus Linnaeus founded modern taxonomy
– Taxonomy: science of describing, classifying, and
naming living things
– Linnaeus tried to classify all living things based on
their shape and structure
– Described a seven level system of classification still
used today – KINGDOM, PHYLUM, CLASS, ORDER,
FAMILY, GENUS, SPECIES
– “Kings Play Chess On Fine Gold Sets”
Classification Today
• Scientists use shared characteristics to hypothesize how
closely related living things are
– The more shared characteristics organisms have, the more closely
related they are
• Cladograms: branching diagrams showing the similarities and
differences between organisms
Levels of Classification (now use 8
levels with the addition of domain)
•Domain (Archae, Bacteria, Eukarya)
• Kingdom (Archaebacteria, Eubacteria,
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia)
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Phylum (Division – used for plants)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
“Do Kings Play Chess On Fine Gold Sets?”
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Mammalia
Class
Order Carnivora
Family Felidae
Genus Panthera
Species leo
http://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/dms/fapm/personnel/tom_b/2004-lion.jpg
Kidspiration by Riedell
Source: see end of show
Kidspiration by Riedell
Source: see end of show
Kidspiration by Riedell
Source: see end of show
Kidspiration by Riedell
Source: see end of show
Kidspiration by Riedell
Source: see end of show
Kidspiration by Riedell
Source: see end of show
Kidspiration by Riedell
Source: see end of show
• Do
• Kings
• Play
• Chess
• On
• Fine
• Gold
• Sets!
Scientific Names
• Always the same for a specific kind of
organism no matter how many common
names there might be
• Binomial Nomenclature: Linnaeus’ system
of giving each organism a two-part name
consisting of a genus and a species name
– Genus name is ALWAYS capitalized
– Species name is NEVER capitalized
– Scientific name is underlined OR italicized!
WHY USE SCIENTIFIC
NAMES??
Confusion in Using Different
Languages for Names
Latin Names are Understood by
all Taxonomists
Image from: http://www4.d25.k12.id.us/ihil/images/Cougar.jpg
Common names can vary
Example:
mountain lion
______________
puma
______________
catamount
______________
cougar
______________
. . . are all names
for the same animal
universally accepted scientific name
By using a _____________________________,
scientists can be sure they are discussing
the same organism
Common names vary
Chipmunk (English)
________
German
Streifenhornchen (______)
Italian
Tamia (______)
Spanish
Ardilla listada (______)
Image from: http://www.entm.purdue.edu/wildlife/chipmunk_pictures.htm
Dichotomous Keys
• An aid that is used to identify organism
and that consists of the answers to a
series of questions
• EXAMPLE: LEAF Dichotomous Key
• EXAMPLE: Fish Classification Key
• EXAMPLE: Arachnids and Insects Key
Six Kingdoms of Life
Archaebacteria
Organisms: Methanogens, Halophiles, Thermophiles,
Cell Type: Prokaryotic
Metabolism: Depending on species - oxygen, hydrogen,
carbon dioxide, sulfur, sulfide may be needed.
Nutrition Acquisition: Depending on species - nutrition
intake may by absorption, non-photosynthetic
photophosphorylation, or chemosynthesis.
Reproduction: Asexual reproduction by binary fission,
budding, or fragmentation.
Six Kingdoms of Life
Eubacteria
Organisms: Bacteria, Cyanobacteria(blue-green algae),
Actinobacteria
Cell Type: Prokaryotic
Metabolism: Depending on species - oxygen may be toxic,
tolerated, or needed for metabolism.
Nutrition Acquisition: Depending on species - nutrition
intake may by absorption, photosynthesis, or chemosynthesis.
Reproduction: Asexual reproduction
Six Kingdoms of Life
Protista
Organisms: Amoeba, green algae, brown algae, diatoms,
euglena, slime molds
Cell Type: Eukaryotic
Metabolism: Oxygen is needed for metabolism.
Nutrition Acquisition: Depending on species - nutrition
intake may be by absorption, photosynthesis, or ingestion.
Reproduction: Mostly asexual reproduction. Meiosis occurs
in some species.
Six Kingdoms of Life
Fungi
Organisms: Mushrooms, yeast, molds
Cell Type: Eukaryotic
Metabolism: Oxygen is needed for metabolism.
Nutrition Acquisition: Absorption
Reproduction: Asexual or sexual reproduction occur.
Six Kingdoms of Life
Plantae
Organisms: Mosses, angiosperms (flowering plants),
gymnosperms, liverworts, ferns
Cell Type: Eukaryotic
Metabolism: Oxygen is needed for metabolism.
Nutrition Acquisition: Photosynthesis
Reproduction: Some species reproduce asexually by mitosis.
Other species exhibit sexual reproduction.
Six Kingdoms of Life
Animalia
Organisms: Mammals, amphibians, sponges, insects, worms
Cell Type: Eukaryotic
Metabolism: Oxygen is needed for metabolism.
Nutrition Acquisition: Ingestion
Reproduction: Sexual reproduction