IFM7 Chapter 6 - Indiana State University
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Transcript IFM7 Chapter 6 - Indiana State University
6-1
CHAPTER 6
Accounting for Financial
Management
Balance sheet
Income statement
Statement of cash flows
Accounting income versus cash flow
MVA and EVA
Personal taxes
Corporate taxes
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6-2
Balance Sheets: Assets
Cash
Short-term inv.
AR
Inventories
Total CA
Gross FA
Less: Depr.
Net FA
Total assets
2001
7,282
0
632,160
1,287,360
1,926,802
1,202,950
263,160
939,790
2,866,592
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2000
9,000
48,600
351,200
715,200
1,124,000
491,000
146,200
344,800
1,468,800
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6-3
Liabilities and Equity
2001
2000
Accts payable
524,160
145,600
Notes payable
720,000
200,000
Accruals
489,600
136,000
Total CL
1,733,760
481,600
Long-term debt
1,000,000
323,432
Common stock
460,000
460,000
Retained earnings (327,168) 203,768
Total equity
132,832
663,768
Total L&E
2,866,592 1,468,800
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6-4
Income Statement
Sales
COGS
Other expenses
Deprec.
Tot. op. costs
EBIT
Interest exp.
EBT
Taxes (40%)
Net income
2001
2000
5,834,400 3,432,000
5,728,000 2,864,000
680,000
340,000
116,960
18,900
6,524,960 3,222,900
(690,560)
209,100
176,000
62,500
(866,560)
146,600
(346,624)
58,640
(519,936)
87,960
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6-5
Other Data
2001
2000
No. of shares
100,000
100,000
EPS
($5.199)
$0.88
DPS
$0.110
$0.22
Stock price
$2.25
$8.50
Lease pmts
$40,000
$40,000
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6-6
Statement of Retained Earnings (2001)
Balance of retained
earnings, 12/31/00
Add: Net income, 2001
Less: Dividends paid
Balance of retained
earnings, 12/31/01
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$203,768
(519,936)
(11,000)
($327,168)
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6-7
Statement of Cash Flows: 2001
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net Income
Adjustments:
Depreciation
Change in AR
Change in inventories
Change in AP
Change in accruals
Net cash provided by ops.
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(519,936)
116,960
(280,960)
(572,160)
378,560
353,600
(523,936)
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6-8
L-T INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Investments in fixed assets
(711,950)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Change in s-t investments
48,600
Change in notes payable
520,000
Change in long-term debt
676,568
Payment of cash dividends (11,000)
Net cash from financing
1,234,168
Sum: net change in cash
(1,718)
Plus: cash at beginning of year 9,000
Cash at end of year
7,282
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6-9
What can you conclude about the
company’s financial condition from its
statement of cash flows?
Net cash from operations = -$523,936,
mainly because of negative net income.
The firm borrowed $1,185,568 and sold
$48,600 in short-term investments to
meet its cash requirements.
Even after borrowing, the cash account
fell by $1,718.
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6 - 10
What effect did the expansion have on
net operating working capital (NOWC)?
Operating
Operating
NOWC =
CA
CL
NOWC01 = ($7,282 + $632,160 + $1,287,360)
- ($524,160 + $489,600)
= $913,042.
NOWC00 = $793,800.
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6 - 11
What effect did the expansion have on
capital used in operations?
Operating
capital = NOWC + Net fixed assets.
Operating
= $913,042 + $939,790
capital01
= $1,852,832.
Operating
= $1,138,600.
capital00
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6 - 12
Did the expansion create additional net
operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)?
NOPAT = EBIT(1 - Tax rate)
NOPAT01 = -$690,560(1 - 0.4)
= -$690,560(0.6)
= -$414,336.
NOPAT00 = $125,460.
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6 - 13
What is your initial assessment of the
expansion’s effect on operations?
Sales
NOPAT
NOWC
2001
$5,834,400
($414,336)
$913,042
2000
$3,432,000
$125,460
$793,800
Operating capital
$1,852,832
$1,138,600
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6 - 14
What effect did the company’s
expansion have on its net cash flow
and operating cash flow?
NCF01 = NI + DEP = -$519,936 + $116,960
= -$402,976.
NCF00 = $87,960 + $18,900 = $106,860.
OCF01 = NOPAT + DEP
= -$414,336 + $116,960
= -$297,376.
OCF00 = $125,460 + $18,900
= $144,360.
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6 - 15
What was the free cash flow (FCF)
for 2001?
FCF = NOPAT - Net capital investment
= -$414,336 - ($1,852,832 - $1,138,600)
= -$414,336 - $714,232
= -$1,128,568.
How do you suppose investors reacted?
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6 - 16
What is the company’s EVA?
Assume the firm’s after-tax cost of
capital (COC) was 11% in 2000
and 13% in 2001.
EVA01 = NOPAT- (COC)(Capital)
= -$414,336 - (0.13)($1,852,832)
= -$414,336 - $240,868
= -$655,204.
EVA00 = $125,460 - (0.11)($1,138,600)
= $125,460 - $125,246
= $214.
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6 - 17
Would you conclude
that the expansion increased or
decreased MVA?
Market value Equity capital
MVA = of equity supplied .
During the last year stock price has
decreased 73%, so market value of
equity has declined. Consequently,
MVA has declined.
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6 - 18
Does the company pay its suppliers
on time?
Probably not.
A/P increased 260% over the past
year, while sales increased by only
70%.
If this continues, suppliers may cut
off trade credit.
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6 - 19
Does it appear that the sales price
exceeds the cost per unit sold?
No, the negative NOPAT shows
that the company is spending
more on it’s operations than it is
taking in.
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6 - 20
What effect would each of these
actions have on the cash account?
1. The company offers 60-day credit
terms. The improved terms are
matched by its competitors, so sales
remain constant.
A/R would
Cash would
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6 - 21
2. Sales double as a result of the
change in credit terms.
Short-run: Inventory and fixed
assets to meet increased
sales. A/R , Cash .
Company may have to seek
additional financing.
Long-run: Collections increase
and the company’s cash
position would improve.
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6 - 22
How was the expansion financed?
The expansion was financed
primarily with external capital.
The company issued long-term debt
which reduced its financial strength
and flexibility.
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6 - 23
Would external capital have been
required if they had broken even in
2001 (Net income = 0)?
Yes, the company would still have
to finance its increase in assets.
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6 - 24
What happens if fixed assets are
depreciated over 7 years (as opposed
to the current 10 years)?
No effect on physical assets.
Fixed assets on balance sheet
would decline.
Net income would decline.
Tax payments would decline.
Cash position would improve.
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6 - 25
Other policies that
can affect financial statements
Inventory valuation methods.
Capitalization of R&D expenses.
Policies for funding the company’s
retirement plan.
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6 - 26
Does the company’s positive stock
price ($2.25), in the face of large losses,
suggest that investors are irrational?
No, it means that investors
expect things to get better in
the future.
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6 - 27
Why did the stock price fall
after the dividend was cut?
Management was “signaling” that
the firm’s operations were in trouble.
The dividend cut lowered investors’
expectations for future cash flows,
which caused the stock price to
decline.
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6 - 28
What were some other sources of
financing used in 2001?
Selling financial assets: Short term
investments decreased by $48,600.
Bank loans: Notes payable increased
by $520,000.
Credit from suppliers: A/P increased
by $378,560.
Employees: Accruals increased by
$353,600.
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6 - 29
What is the effect of the $346,624
tax credit received in 2001.
This suggests the company paid at least
$346,624 in taxes during the past 2 years.
If the payments over the past 2 years were
less than $346,624 the firm would have
had to carry forward the amount of its loss
that was not carried back.
If the firm did not receive a full refund its
cash position would be even worse.
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6 - 30
2000 Tax Year Single Individual
Tax Rates
Taxable Income
0 - 26,250
25,620 - 63,550
63,550 - 132,600
132,600 - 288,350
Over 288,350
Tax on Base
Rate*
0
3,937.50
14,381.50
35,787.00
91,857.00
15%
28%
31%
36%
39.6%
*Plus this percentage on the amount over the
bracket base.
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6 - 31
Assume your salary is $45,000, and you
received $3,000 in dividends.
You are single, so your personal
exemption is $2,800 and your itemized
deductions are $4,550.
On the basis of the information
above and the 2000 tax year tax rate
schedule, what is your tax liability?
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6 - 32
Calculation of Taxable Income
Salary
Dividends
$45,000
3,000
Personal exemptions
(2,800)
Deductions
(4,550)
Taxable Income
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$40,650
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6 - 33
$40,650 - $26,250
Tax Liability:
TL = $3,937.50 + 0.28($14,400)
= $7,969.50.
Marginal Tax Rate = 28%.
Average Tax Rate:
Tax rate = $9,969.5 = 19.6%.
$40,650
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6 - 34
2000 Corporate Tax Rates
Taxable Income
0 - 50,000
50,000 - 75,000
75,000 - 100,000
100,000 - 335,000
...
Over 18.3M
Tax on Base
0
7,500
13,750
22,250
...
6.4M
Rate*
15%
25%
34%
39%
...
35%
*Plus this percentage on the amount over the
bracket base.
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6 - 35
Assume a corporation has $100,000 of
taxable income from operations, $5,000
of interest income, and $10,000 of
dividend income.
What is its tax liability?
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6 - 36
Operating income
Interest income
Taxable dividend
income
Taxable income
$100,000
5,000
3,000*
$108,000
Tax = $22,250 + 0.39 ($8,000)
= $25,370.
*Dividends - Exclusion
= $10,000 - 0.7($10,000) = $3,000.
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6 - 37
Taxable versus Tax Exempt Bonds
State and local government bonds
(municipals, or “munis”) are
generally exempt from federal
taxes.
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6 - 38
Exxon bonds at 10% versus California
muni bonds at 7%.
T = Tax rate = 28%.
After-tax interest income:
Exxon = 0.10($5,000) - 0.10($5,000)(0.28)
= 0.10($5,000)(0.72) = $360.
CAL = 0.07($5,000) - 0 = $350.
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6 - 39
At what tax rate would you be
indifferent between the muni and the
corporate bonds?
Solve for T in this equation:
Muni yield = Corp Yield(1-T)
7.00% = 10.0%(1-T)
T = 30.0%.
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6 - 40
Implications
If T > 30%, buy tax exempt munis.
If T < 30%, buy corporate bonds.
Only high income, and hence high
tax bracket, individuals should buy
munis.
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