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Life-Span Development
Twelfth Edition
Chapter 12:
Socioemotional Development in Adolescence
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Identity
Vocational/Career
Political
Religious
Relationship
Achievement,
Intellectual
Sexual
Cultural/Ethnic
Interests
Personality
Physical
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Identity
Erikson’s Identity versus Identity Confusion:
◦ Psychosocial Moratorium: the gap between
childhood security and adult autonomy
Adolescents are generally free to try out different
identities and choose what is right for them
◦ Adolescents who resolve the conflict emerge with
a refreshing, acceptable sense of self
◦ Adolescents who do not successfully resolve the
conflict suffer identity confusion
Withdrawal and isolation
Immersion in peers
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Identity
Four statuses of identity based on crisis or
commitment
◦ Crisis: a period of identity development during which the
individual is exploring alternatives
◦ Commitment: a personal investment in identity
Diffusion: individuals who have not yet experienced
a crisis or made any commitments
Foreclosure: individuals who have made a
commitment but not experienced a crisis
Moratorium: individuals who are in the midst of a
crisis but whose commitments are absent or weak
Achievement: individuals who have undergone a
crisis and made a commitment
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Identity
Downtrend in religious interest among
adolescents has occurred in the 21st century
Adolescence and adulthood can serve as a
gateway to a spiritual identity that
“transcends, but not necessarily excludes”
the childhood religion
◦ Adolescents higher in religiosity are:
Less likely to smoke, drink, use marijuana
Less likely to be truant from school and engage in
delinquent activities
Less likely to be depressed
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Families
Parents often have to weigh competing
needs for autonomy and control,
independence and connection
Adolescents’ ability to attain autonomy
and gain control over their behavior is
acquired through appropriate adult
reactions to their desire for control
Boys are often given more independence
than girls
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Families
Role of Attachment:
◦ Securely attached adolescents are less likely to
engage in problem behaviors such as juvenile
delinquency and drug abuse
◦ Securely attached adolescents have better peer
relations
Correlations are moderate
Balancing Freedom and Control:
◦ Adolescents still need to stay connected to
families
◦ Parents who play an active role in monitoring and
guiding adolescents’ development are more likely
to have adolescents with positive peer relations
and lower drug use
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Families
Parent–Adolescent Conflict:
◦ Parent–adolescent conflict increases in early
adolescence
Conflict typically involves everyday events of family life
◦ Disagreements may serve a positive
developmental function
Conflicts facilitate the adolescent’s transition from being
dependent to becoming autonomous
◦ About one in five families engage in prolonged,
intense, repeated, unhealthy conflict
Associated with various adolescent problems
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Peers
Peer Relationships:
◦ Most teens prefer a smaller number of peer
contacts and more intimacy
◦ Friends become increasingly important in
meeting social needs during adolescence
◦ Teens with superficial or no friendships tend
to be lonely and have lower self-esteem
◦ Characteristics of friends have an important
influence
Friends’ grade-point average is a consistent
predictor of positive school achievement
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Peers
Peer Pressure:
◦ Young adolescents conform more to peer
standards than children do
Peaks about 8th and 9th grade
14 to 18 years of age is an especially important time
for developing the ability to stand up for one’s
beliefs
◦ U.S. adolescents are more likely than Japanese
adolescents to put peer pressure on their peers
to resist parental influence
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Dating and Romantic Relationships
Adolescents spend considerable time either
dating or thinking about dating
Dating can be a source of:
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Recreation
Status and achievement
Learning about close relationships
Mate selection
Adolescents often begin by hanging out
together in mixed-sex groups
Cyberdating has become popular among
middle-school students
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Culture
Health:
◦ Fewer adolescents around the world die from
infectious diseases and malnutrition than in the
past
◦ Some health-compromising behaviors are
increasing in frequency (illicit drug use and
unprotected sex)
Gender:
◦ Experiences of male and female adolescents are
quite different around the world
In many countries, adolescent females have much less
freedom than males
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Culture
Family:
◦ In some countries, adolescents grow up in closely
knit families with extensive extended kin
networks
◦ In western countries, parenting is less
authoritarian and larger numbers of adolescents
are growing up in divorced families and
stepfamilies
◦ Family trends include:
Greater family mobility
Migration to urban areas
Family members working in distant cities or countries
Smaller families; fewer extended-family households
Increases in mothers’ employment
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Culture
Peers:
◦ Some cultures give peers a stronger role in
adolescence than others
In western nations, peers are prominent in adolescents’
lives
In other regions, peer relations are restricted (especially
for girls)
Rites of Passage:
◦ Rite of Passage: ceremony or ritual that marks an
individual’s transition from one status to another
◦ Vary among cultures
Rich tradition has prevailed in African cultures
In the U.S., rites of passage are found in various
religious and social groups
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Juvenile Delinquency
Juvenile Delinquent: an adolescent who
breaks the law or engages in behavior that is
considered illegal
◦ Broad concept that includes many actions, from
littering to murder
◦ At least 2% of all youth are involved in juvenile
court cases
◦ More likely to be committed by males, but
involvement by females is increasing
◦ Property offenses are committed more than any
other crime
◦ Rates are disproportionately higher for minority
and lower-SES youth
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Juvenile Delinquency
Should an adolescent who commits a
crime be charged as an adult?
◦ One study demonstrated that trying adolescent
offenders as adults increased their crime rate
Early onset (before age 11) antisocial
behavior is associated with more negative
outcomes than late onset antisocial
behavior
◦ More likely to persist into adulthood
◦ More mental health and relationship problems
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Juvenile Delinquency
Causes of Delinquency:
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Heredity
Identity problems
Community influences
Family experiences
Parental monitoring is important
History of physical abuse
Hostile sibling relationships
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Juvenile Delinquency
Causes of Delinquency (continued):
◦ Lower-class culture
Antisocial peer groups and gangs
Status given for antisocial behavior
Observation of models engaging in criminal
activities
Inadequate community resources
◦ Cognitive factors
Low self-control
Low intelligence
Lack of sustained attention
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Depression and Suicide
Depression is more likely to occur in adolescence than
childhood
◦ Linear increase from 15 to 22 years of age
◦ Earlier onset is linked with more negative outcomes
Depression is consistently higher in girls and women
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Females tend to ruminate
More negative body image
Females face more discrimination than males
Puberty occurs earlier for girls
Family factors play a role
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Having a depressed parent
Emotionally unavailable parents
High marital conflict
Parents with financial problems
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Depression and Suicide
Poor peer relationships are associated with
adolescent depression
◦ Co-rumination in girls
Depressed adolescents recovered faster
when they took an antidepressant and
received cognitive behavior therapy than
when they received either treatment alone
◦ Safety concern with certain antidepressants in
adolescence
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Depression and Suicide
Suicide is the 3rd leading cause of death in
10- to 19-year-olds
Far more adolescents contemplate or attempt
it unsuccessfully than actually commit it
Females are more likely to attempt suicide,
but males are more likely to succeed
Lesbian and gay male adolescents are only
slightly more likely than heterosexual
adolescents to commit suicide
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Depression and Suicide
Other Risk Factors:
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History of family instability and unhappiness
Lack of supportive friendships
Genetic factors
Depressive symptoms
Low self-esteem
High self-blame
Being overweight
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Depression and Suicide
Successful Intervention Programs Include:
◦ Intensive individualized attention
◦ Community-wide multi-agency collaborative
approaches
◦ Early identification and intervention
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.