Transcript Slide 1

Figure 5.5 The human skeleton.
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Figure 5.5 The human skeleton.
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Figure 5.10 Bones of the right side of the pectoral girdle and the right arm and hand.
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Figure 5.11 Bones of the pelvic girdle and the left leg and foot.
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Figure 7.24 The pectoral girdle and clavicle.
Acromioclavicular
joint
Clavicle
Sternal (medial)
end
Posterior
Anterior
Acromial (lateral) end
(b) Right clavicle, superior view
Acromial end
Anterior
Sternal end
Scapula
(a) Articulated pectoral girdle
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Posterior
(c) Right clavicle, inferior view
Figure 7.25 The scapula.
Coracoid process
Acromion
Coracoid
process
Glenoid
cavity
Acromion
Spine
Glenoid
cavity
at lateral
angle
Medial border
(a) Right scapula,
anterior aspect
Inferior angle
Acromion
Coracoid process
Spine
(c) Right scapula,
lateral aspect
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Glenoid cavity
(b) Right scapula,
posterior aspect
Figure 7.26 The humerus of the right arm
Greater
tubercle
Lesser
tubercle
Head of
humerus
Anatomical
neck
(a) Anterior view
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Surgical
neck
Deltoid
tuberosity
Deltoid
tuberosity
Capitulum
Greater
tubercle
Coronoid
fossa
Olecranon
fossa
Medial
epicondyle
Trochlea
Lateral
epicondyle
(b) Posterior view
Figure 7.27 Radius and ulna of the right forearm.
Radial notch of the ulna
Head
Neck
Radial tuberosity
Olecranon
process
Trochlear
notch
Coronoid
process
Head of radius
Neck of radius
Ulna
Radius
Radius
Styloid process of radius
Styloid
process of ulna
Styloid process of radius
(a) Anterior view
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(b) Posterior view
Figure 7.27d Radius and ulna of the right forearm.
Ulnar notch of radius
Styloid
process
View
Head of Styloid
process
ulna
(d) Distal ends of the radius and
ulna at the wrist
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Figure 7.27c Radius and ulna of the right forearm.
Olecranon process
View
Trochlear notch
Coronoid process
Radial notch
(c) Proximal portion of ulna,
lateral view
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Figure 7.26c Detailed views of articulation at the elbow.
Humerus
Coronoid
fossa
Medial
epicondyle
Capitulum
Head of
radius
Radial
tuberosity
Radius
Trochlea
Coronoid
process of
ulna
Radial notch
Ulna
(c) Anterior view at the elbow region
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Figure 7.26d The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow.
Humerus
Olecranon
process
Medial
epicondyle
Ulna
Olecranon
fossa
Lateral
epicondyle
Head
Neck
Radius
(d) Posterior view of extended elbow
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Figure 7.28 Bones of the left hand.
Phalanges
• Distal
• Middle
• Proximal
Metacarpals
Carpals
Carpals
Carpals
Radius
Ulna
(a) Anterior view of left hand
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(b) Posterior view of left hand
Radius
Figure 7.29 Articulated pelvis showing the two hip (coxal) bones (which together form the pelvic girdle), the sacrum,
and the coccyx.
Sacroiliac
joint
Iliac crest
Anterior
superior
iliac spine
Coxal
bone
(os coxae llium
or hip
Pubic
bone)
bone
Sacrum
Coccyx
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Acetabulum
Ischium
Pubic symphysis
Pubic arch
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From Wikipedia:
The hip bone, innominate bone or coxal
bone is a large, flattened, irregularly
shaped bone. It has one of the few ball
and socket synovial joints in the body – the
so called hip joint. It meets its fellow on
the opposite side in the middle line in front,
and together they form the sides and
anterior wall of the pelvic cavity.
Together with the sacrum and coccyx, it
comprises the pelvis
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OS INNOMINATUM
The " os innominatum," so named by Galen, is
made up of three bones, distinct in childhood, but
united in the adult, and termed the "ilium,"
"ischium," and "pubes." Thus its constituents have
received appropriate names, but the bone,
consolidated, remains " nameless."
Human osteology By Luther Holden 1899
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Figure 7.30a Bones of the bony pelvis.
Ilium
Posterior
superior
iIiac spine
Posterior inferior
iliac spine
Ischial spine
Iliac crest
Anterior
superior
iliac spine
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Acetabulum
Pubis
Ischium
Inferior ramus
Ischial
of pubis
tuberosity
Obturator foramen
Ischial ramus
(a) Lateral view, right hip bone
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Figure 7.30b Bones of the bony pelvis.
Body of
the ilium
(b) Medial view, right hip bone
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Table 7.4 Comparison of the Male and Female Pelves (3 of 3)
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Figure 7.31 Bones of the right knee and thigh.
Neck
Greater
trochanter
Head
Lesser trochanter
Linea aspera
Anterior
Lateral
condyle
Medial condyle
Posterior
(a) Patella (kneecap)
Anterior view
Posterior view
(b) Femur (thigh bone)
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Figure 7.32a The tibia and fibula of the right leg.
Lateral condyle
Head
Medial condyle
Tibial tuberosity
Anterior crest
Fibula
Tibia
Lateral malleolus
Medial malleolus
(a) Anterior view
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Figure 7.32e The tibia and fibula of the right leg.
Parts of
fractured
fibula
(e) X ray of Pott’s fracture of the fibula
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Figure 7.33 Bones of the right foot.
Talus
Phalanges
First metatarsal
Distal
Middle
Proximal
Calcaneus
1
2 3 4 5
Metatarsals
(b) Medial view
Tarsals
Talus
Talus
Calcaneus
(a) Superior view
Calcaneus
(c) Lateral view
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Fifth metatarsal
Joint = Articulation
And Body Movement
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Table 8.1 Summary of Joint Classes
(DON’T NEED TO KNOW ALL DETAILS, BUT KNOW THREE BASIC TYPES OF JOINTS)
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Figure 8.1 Fibrous joints.
(DON’T NEED TO KNOW ALL DETAILS)
(a)
Suture
Joint held together with very short,
interconnecting fibers, and bone edges
interlock. Found only in the skull.
Suture
line
(b)
Syndesmosis
(c)
Joint held together by a ligament.
Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but
is longer than in sutures.
Fibula
Tibia
Gomphosis
“Peg in socket” fibrous joint.
Periodontal ligament holds tooth
in socket.
Socket of
alveolar
process
Root of
tooth
Dense
fibrous
connective
tissue
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Ligament
Periodontal
ligament
Figure 8.2 Cartilaginous joints. (DON’T NEED TO KNOW ALL DETAILS)
(a)
Synchondroses
Bones united by hyaline cartilage
Sternum
(manubrium)
Epiphyseal
plate (temporary
hyaline cartilage
joint)
(b)
Joint between
first rib and
sternum
(immovable)
Symphyses
Bones united by fibrocartilage
Body of vertebra
Fibrocartilaginous
intervertebral
disc
Hyaline cartilage
Pubic symphysis
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Figure 8.3 General structure of a synovial joint.
Ligament
Joint cavity
(contains
synovial fluid)
Articular (hyaline)
cartilage
Fibrous
capsule
Articular
Synovial
capsule
membrane
Periosteum
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Figure 8.7b Types of synovial joints.
f
Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
c
b Hinge joint (elbow joint)
a
e
d
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b
Figure 8.7c Types of synovial joints.
f
Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
c
c Pivot joint (proximal radioulnar joint)
a
e
d
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b
Figure 8.7d Types of synovial joints.
f
Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
c
d Condyloid joint
(metacarpophalangeal joint)
a
e
d
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b
Figure 8.7e Types of synovial joints.
f
Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
c
e Saddle joint (carpometacarpal joint
of thumb)
a
e
d
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b
Figure 8.7f Types of synovial joints.
f
Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
c
f Ball-and-socket joint (shoulder joint)
a
e
d
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b
Figure 8.8f The knee joint.
Medial femoral condyle
Medial meniscus on
medial tibial condyle
Patella
(f) Photograph of an opened knee joint; view similar to (e)
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Figure 8.4 Bursae
ligament
Synovial
membrane
Subacromial bursa
Cavity in bursa
containing synovial fluid
Humerus resting
Bursa rolls and
lessens friction.
Humerus head rolls
medially as arm abducts.
Humerus moving
(b)Showing how a bursa eliminates friction where a ligament
(or other structure) would rub against a bone
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Figure 8.10c The shoulder joint: bursae and tendon sheath
Acromion
ligament
Coracoid
process
Subacromial
bursa
ligament
Greater
tubercle
of humerus
ligament
Tendon sheath
Tendon of long
head of biceps
brachii muscle
Subscapular
bursa
Tendon
Scapula
(c) Anterior view of right shoulder joint capsule
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A Closer Look 8.1a Joints: From Knights in Shining Armor to Bionic Humans
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A Closer Look 8.1b: Joints: From Knights in Shining Armor to Bionic Humans
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Figure 8.5d Movements allowed by synovial joints.
Flexion
Extension
Flexion
Extension
(d) Angular movements: flexion and extension at the
shoulder and knee
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Figure 8.5e Movements allowed by synovial joints.
Abduction
Adduction
Circumduction
(e) Angular movements: abduction, adduction, and
circumduction of the upper limb at the shoulder
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Figure 8.5f Movements allowed by synovial joints.
Rotation
Lateral
rotation
Medial
rotation
(f) Rotation of the head, neck, and lower limb
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Figure 8.6a Special body movements.
Pronation
(radius
rotates
over ulna)
Supination
(radius and
ulna are
parallel)
(a) Pronation (P) and supination (S)
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