Transcript The Nature of Administration & Management in Sport

Examining
Administrative Philosophies
& Types of Administrators
PE 416
Dr. Kostelis
Why Study Administration
Philosophy & Administration
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“Investigation of causes and laws underlying
reality; inquiry into the nature of things based
on logical reasoning rather than empirical
investigation; or the system of values by
which one lives”
Philosophy dictates course of action
Ethics – principled right & wrong behavior
Beliefs – “ I believe . . . “
Values – “ I value . . . “
Principles – “ I will not . . .
Or I will always try to . . . . “
Written
Rules
Unwritten Rules
Actions – “ I will follow this rule of . . . “
Ethics
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Need to develop ethical principles
that monitors own actions
Administrative Philosophies
Idealism
Existentialism
What is your Administrative
Philosophy?
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How do you envision a PE Program
being run?
What are some of your own goals and
objectives?
What activities do you feel are
important to help achieve your goals of
the program?
Basis for Philosophy
IDEALISM
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Reality depends on mind & spirit
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Truth from ideas
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Develop body through spirit and mind
Focused on developing character, thus
evaluation is subjective
Value static & unchanging; foundation for life
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Resist change, follow traditional paths
Basis for Philosophy
IDEALISM
Sports supported are those that
emphasize mental discipline
Basis for Philosophy
REALISM
 Reality is based on science
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Develop body in measurable ways
Truth gained through physical world &
experience
Value is something objective
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Organized systematic health & fitness-testing; use
computers and comparative standards (objective
skill tests and performance)
Basis for Philosophy
REALISM
Sports supported are those that can
use statistics showing measurement
and gains in strength and other
measurable factors
Basis for Philosophy
PRAGMATISM (experimentation or instrumentalism)
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Reality is experienced, ever-changing
Truth is discovered by experience, go with
what works, just adjust & be practical!
Value is predicted on judgment, based on
experience and good of the society
Basis for Philosophy
PRAGMATISM
Sports supported are the ones that
are most popular with spectators
and allow “play”, such as dance and
rhythm activities
“What works best!”
Basis for Philosophy
EXISTENTIALISM
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Reality lies within individuals & experience of
being, freedom of choice & responsibility for
morals
 Decisions are based on previous experience,
sometimes inconsistent and nonconforming
Truth through personal experiences
 Freewill, but weighs moral issues
Values determined through self-examination,
choices toward self-realization and selfdetermination
Basis for Philosophy
EXISTENTIALISM
Sports supported are the individual
sport vs. team sport and those
making no comparisons to norms or
standards
Also movement education, rhythms,
modern dance, and cooperative
group activities to allow selfexpression and allows discovery
Basis for Philosophy
ECLECTISM
 Adopt several philosophies
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Need workable philosophy
Need philosophy that consistently
points in the direction for important
administrative decisions (if not then will
end in court!)
What is your Administrative
Philosophy?
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How do you envision a PE Program
being run?
What are some of your own goals and
objectives?
What activities do you feel are
important to help achieve your goals of
the program?
Types of Administrators
LAISSEZ-FAIRE
AUTOCRATIC
DEMOCRATIC
Types of Administrators
LAISSEZ-FAIRE –
 “Hands off”
 Low Profile, organization to operate
on own
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Usually results from negative, poorly
prepared, insecure, lazy
administration
Types of Administrators
LAISSEZ-FAIRE
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Positive Aspects
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Young, energetic, can try innovative ideas
Older can initiate new or terminate programs
Higher ranking has little pressure or conflict
Negative Aspects
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Lacks leadership
Poor, ineffective, weak workers continue to function
“don’t rock the boat”
Young and inexperienced lost in shuffle
No drive for excellence or long-range plans
Types of Administrators
AUTOCRATIC OR AUTHORITARIAN
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Administrator functions as boss not
leader, thus is equivalent to
“benevolent despot”
High degree of uniformity, controlled
variables, narrow objectives
Types of Administrators
AUTOCRATIC OR AUTHORITARIAN
 Positive Aspects
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Efficient, especially when understaffed
Few meetings, little debates
Changes without delay
Inexperienced usually function well
Negative Aspects
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Lose synergy and power of group thinking
Staff of “yes”
Decisions without all information
Policies and programs as good as leader
When mistakes, they are usually large
Young do not usually benefit in growth
Types of Administrators
DEMOCRATIC
 “Creative ideas that a group of individuals
can generate in a lively meeting will be far
greater than the same group might identify
if they were all working independently”
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“Group Dynamics” – participatory
governance
Types of Administrators
DEMOCRATIC
 Positive Aspects
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Determine own destiny
Young gain experience on committees
All work together
Group decisions
Negative Aspects
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Inefficiency, committee on committees
Many compromises needed, thus maybe unworkable
Types of Administrators
ECLECTIC
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Often times democratic as
cornerstone and mix other
approaches as special situations arise
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What type of administrator will you be?