Transcript Document

27 October
The goal for this next section is to understand the role of the
cell membrane in controlling what enters and leaves a cell.
Define the following:
Diffusion –
Concentration gradient –
Passive transport –
Facilitated Diffusion –
Sections
3.3 & 3.4
Osmosis –
Selective permeability –
Active Transport –
Receptor –
Intracellular –
Ligand - is a substance (usually a small molecule), that forms a complex with another
biomolecule, it is a signal molecule that attaches to the binding site on a target protein.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qqsf_UJcfBc
How the cell membrane is organized.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=knv4fNNoEG8&list=PL
bKSbFnKYVY25Xu3-g8SZzyvmhle-oYqA&safe=active
How the cell membrane functions to regulate the
movement of material in and out of the cell.
28 October
The goal for this next section is to understand the role of the
cell membrane in controlling what enters and leaves a cell.
Sections 3.4
Define the following:
Hypotonic –
Isotonic –
Hypertonic –
Definitions to remember: passive transport, diffusion, concentration
gradient, selective permeability, osmosis, solutions-solutes and
solvents.
What does the arrow represent?
Concentration gradient?
Diffusion? Passive transport?
Osmosis?

Diffusion and osmosis are types of passive transport.
• There are three types of solutions.
• isotonic
•
hypertonic
•
hypotonic
Diffusion Passive transport
Osmosis Concentration gradient
http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_osmos
is_works.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LeS2-6zHn6M&safe=active
Osmosis and Diffusion
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y31DlJ6uGgE
Cell Membrane Review
KEY CONCEPT Materials move across membranes
because of concentration differences.
Passive transport does not require energy input from a
cell.
• Passive transport: the movement of molecules across the cell
membrane without energy input from the cell.
• There are two types of
passive transport.
• diffusion
• osmosis
Diffusion and osmosis are types of passive
transport.
• Molecules diffuse down a
concentration gradient (from higher
concentration to lower concentration).
Diffusion and osmosis are types of passive
transport.
• Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a
semipermeable membrane.
Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers.
The cell membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer.
cell membrane
Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers.
The cell membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer.
There are other molecules embedded in the membrane.
The fluid mosaic model describes the arrangement of molecules
making up the cell membrane. The membrane is flexible like a liquid
and has a variety of molecules like the tiles of a mosaic.
cell membrane
carbohydrate
chain
cholesterol
protein
protein channel
protein
Phospholipids form a double layer surrounding a cell. They’re
made of a polar phosphate head and two non-polar fatty acid
tails.
Other molecules:
Cholesterol: strengthens membranes.
Proteins: cell identification, signaling, and aid the movement of
materials into and out of the cell.
Carbohydrates: aid in cell identification.
Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers.
The cell membrane is selectively permeable.
Some molecules can cross the membrane while others cannot.
Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers.
The cell membrane is selectively permeable.
Some molecules can cross the membrane
while others cannot.
Chemical signals are transmitted across the cell membrane.
Receptors bind with ligands and change shape.
There are two types of receptors.
 intracellular receptor: inside the cell; bind to
molecules that cross the membrane.
 membrane receptor: in the membrane; bind to
molecules that cannot cross; change shape
Chemical signals are transmitted across the cell membrane.
Receptors bind with ligands and change shape.
There are two types of receptors.
intracellular receptor
Chemical signals are transmitted across the cell membrane.
Receptors detect signal molecules and perform an action in
response.
2
1
Ligand Receptor binding
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZF2_ItzzVbs&safe=active
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xT0mAQ4726s
4 November
Some molecules can only diffuse through transport
proteins.
• Some molecules cannot easily diffuse across the cell
membrane.
• Facilitated diffusion is
diffusion through transport
proteins.
• Water is moved in and out
cells through a protein
called an aquaporin.
4 November
Sections 3.5 – read pages 89, 90, & 91
Define the following:
Active transport –
Exocytosis –
Endocytosis –
Phagocytosis –
Review pages 29 & 30 in your Study Guide

KEY CONCEPT Cells use energy to transport materials
that cannot diffuse across a membrane.
Youtube videos on active transport
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=STzOiRqzzL4&safe=active
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=owEgqrq51zY
Bill Nye the Science Guy – Cells
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X6N82No4Nz8
Active transport requires energy input from a cell
and enables a cell to move a substance against its
concentration gradient.
• Passive transport requires no energy from the cell.
• Active transport is
powered by chemical
energy (ATP).
• Active transport occurs
through transport protein
pumps.
• Cells use active transport
to maintain homeostasis.
A cell can import and export large materials or large
amounts of material in vesicles during the
processes of endocytosis and exocytosis.
• Cells use energy to transport material in vesicles.
• Endocytosis is the process of
taking material into the cell.
This process requires energy.
• Phagocytosis is a type of
endocytosis.
A cell can import and export large materials or large
amounts of material in vesicles during the
processes of endocytosis and exocytosis.
• Cells use energy to transport material in vesicles.
• Exocytosis is the process of
expelling material from the
cell.
Inserting a Table and Graph into a Word Document
Table
http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/word-help/insert-or-create-a-table-HA010034300.aspx
Graph
http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel-help/insert-a-chart-from-an-excel-spreadsheet-into-word-HA102840136.aspx
For each additional, meaningful graph that is added and used in your paper you
will receive one bonus point.
6 November
Begin Chapter 4 – Cells and Energy
Define the following:
Cellular Respiration –
Photosynthesis –
Answer these Questions, using your textbook
1) Where does the energy come from that makes it possible for
us to move, learn, and think?
2) Where does that energy conversion process take place and
what are the three steps in this process called?
3) At the end of respiration, what are all the products that were
created?
Answers:
1) Where does the energy come from that makes it possible for us to move,
learn, and think?
(The sun – page 100)
2) Where does that energy conversion process take place and what are the
three steps in this process called? (Mitochondria – page 113 & 114)
3) At the end of respiration, what are all the products that were created?
8 November
Study Guide Chapters
Chapter 4
Page 31 All Questions
Page 32 – 7 & 8
Page 33 All Questions
Page 34 All Questions

* Molecules in food store chemical energy in their bonds.
Starch molecule
Glucose molecule
Lipid molecules
Fat: 1 gram = 9 calories
Protein: 1 gram = 4 calories
Carbohydrates: 1 gram = 4 calories
What we have done over the past two weeks:
Mon – Nov 10 - test
Tues – Nov 11 – No school, Veteran’s Day
Wed – Nov 12 – Intro to photosynthesis
Thurs – Nov 13 - IBIS
Fri – Nov 14 - IBIS
Mon – Nov 17 - IBIS
Tues – Nov 18 – Respiration/Photosynthesis packet due
Wed – Nov 19 – Respiration (seeds) lab
Thurs – Nov 20 - finish photosynthesis
Fri – Nov 21 – Quiz on Respiration and Photosynthesis
20 November
Define the following:
Aerobic –
Anaerobic –
ADP & ATP –
Which organisms are producers and which are consumers
(autotrophs)
(heterotrophs)
Where does Photosynthesis and Respiration take place?
ATP transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to
cell functions.
– Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed.
– ADP is changed into ATP when a phosphate group is
added.
phosphate removed
mitochondrion
animal cell
mitochondrion
energy from
glycolysis
ATP
matrix (area enclosed
by inner membrane)
and
6CO2
energy
We eat food
inner membrane
6O2
We breath
in oxygen
ATP
and
6H2 O
4
Energy & Enzymes
C6H12O6 + 6 O2
6 H2O + 6 CO2 + ATP
Glycolysis –
The splitting of
a sugar molecule
ATP
and
6CO2
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport
Chain
6O2
ATP
and
6H2 O
4

* Carbohydrates are the molecules most commonly broken down
to make ATP.
– not stored in large amounts
– up to 36 ATP from one
glucose molecule
adenosine
triphosphate
tri=3
adenosine
di=2
diphosphate
Define the following:
Stomata –
Guard cells –
Xylem –
Phloem –
Epidermis –
Mesophyll –
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g78utcLQrJ4
Sunlight & chlorophyll
6 CO2 + 6 H2O
C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Energy & Enzymes

* Molecules in food store chemical energy in their bonds.
Starch molecule
Glucose molecule
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
6
6
6
6
RESPIRATION
+
6
+
6
6
6
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g78ut
cLQrJ4&spfreload=10
Photosynthesis

Some organisms live in places that
never get sunlight.
In chemosynthesis, chemical energy
is used to build carbon-based
molecules.
similar to photosynthesis
uses chemical energy instead of
light energy

• Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue making ATP
when oxygen is unavailable.
* Fermentation is an anaerobic process.
* occurs when oxygen is not available for cellular respiration
* does not produce ATP
Fermentation is used in food production.
– yogurt
– cheese
– bread
24 November
Define the following from Chapter 5:
What are the components of the Cell Cycle?
The last phase is Mitosis, where there
are four phases to know.
Cytokinesis –
Mitosis (purpose) –
Meiosis (purpose) –
Chromosome –
Study Guide Questions:
Pg. 43
Pg. 44
Pg. 45
Pg. 46
– do all
- #s 5, 6, 9, 12, & 13
- #s 1 & 3
- #s 5, the diagram, 7 & 8
* The cell cycle is a regular pattern of growth, DNA replication,
and cell division.
* The main stages of the cell cycle are gap 1, synthesis, gap 2, and
mitosis.
– Gap 1 (G1): cell growth and
normal functions
– DNA synthesis (S): copies
DNA
– Gap 2 (G2): additional
growth
– Mitosis (M): includes
division of the cell nucleus
(mitosis) and division of the
cell cytoplasm (cytokinesis)
• Mitosis occurs only if the cell is large enough and the DNA
undamaged.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1cVZBV9tD-A
Mitosis
24 November
With your book closed, write the phases of mitosis.
What do you remember?
What is the end result of mitosis?
Define the following:
Diploid (2n) –
Haploid (n) –
Centrioles –
Asexual reproduction –
How big should cells be?
Why do cells occur in different sizes?
http://staff.fcps.net/cverdecc/Adv%20Biology/Note
s/The%20cell/ch5%20%20the%20cell%20notes.htm
* Too small: not enough space for organelles
* Too large: not enough material can move across surface
* Surface area must allow for adequate
exchange of materials.
– Cell growth is coordinated with
division.
– Cells that must be large have
unique shapes.
* The rate of cell division varies with the need for those
types of cells.
• Some cells will never divide, perpetual (G0).
1) What is the end result of mitosis?
2) At the end of mitosis, were the chromosomes the only things to be
given to the new cells or were the organelles also redistributed?
3) What are the phases of mitosis?
4) What is the end result of meiosis?
5) What does fertilization mean?
6) What happens during crossing over during meiosis?
7) Darwin developed theory of natural selection, which laid the foundation for
evolution. Mendel developed the laws of genetic inheritance. What scientific
concept(s) did Thomas Hunt Morgan develop?
1) What is the end result of mitosis?
2) At the end of mitosis, were the chromosomes the only things to be
given to the new cells or were the organelles also redistributed?
3) What are the phases of mitosis?
4) What is the end result of meiosis?
5) What does fertilization mean?
6) What happens during crossing over during meiosis?
7) Darwin developed theory of natural selection, which laid the foundation for
evolution. Mendel developed the laws of genetic inheritance. What scientific
concept(s) did Thomas Hunt Morgan develop?
Parent cell
* Interphase prepares the
cell to divide.
* During interphase, the
centrioles
DNA is duplicated.
* Chromosomes condense
tightly for mitosis.
spindle fibers
centrosome
nucleus with
DNA
* Mitosis divides the cell’s nucleus in four phases.
– During prophase, chromosomes condense, the
nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle fibers
form.
* Mitosis divides the cell’s nucleus in four phases.
– During metaphase, chromosomes line up in the
middle of the cell.
* Mitosis divides the cell’s nucleus in four phases.
– During anaphase, sister chromatids separate to
opposite sides of the cell.
• Mitosis divides the cell’s nucleus in four phases.
– During telophase, the new nuclei form and
chromosomes begin to uncoil.
* Cytokinesis differs in animal and plant cells.
– In animal cells, the
membrane pinches
closed.
– In plant cells, a cell
plate forms.
4 December
Define the following:
Apoptosis –
Cancer –
Benign –
Malignant –
Metastasize –
Carcinogens –
Growth Factors –
Binary fission –
Somatic cells –
Goal for today is to understand
what happens when cells grow out
of control.
Study Guide Questions:
Pg. 48 – do the ‘concept map’ and
questions 10 - 13
* A chromosome is one long continuous thread of DNA.
* DNA wraps around proteins (histones) that condense it.
DNA double
helix
DNA and
histones
Chromatin
Supercoiled
DNA
* DNA plus proteins is called chromatin, which is formed during
interphase.
• One half of a duplicated
chromosome is a chromatid.
• Sister chromatids are held
together at the centromere.
centromere
Condensed, duplicated chromosome
Sister Chromatids
KEY CONCEPT
Cell cycle regulation is necessary for healthy
growth.
* External factors include physical and chemical signals.
* Growth factors are proteins that stimulate cell division.
* Cell-to cell contact: most mammal cells form a single layer in a
culture dish and stop dividing once they touch other cells.
* Internal factors can be triggered
by external factors, which affect
the cell cycle.
* Two of the most important internal
factors are kinases and cyclins.
* Kinases are enzymes that activate
cyclins.
*Carcinogens are substances known to promote cancer.
• Standard cancer treatments typically kill both cancerous
and healthy cells.
* Cancer cells do not carry out necessary functions.
• Cancer cells come from normal cells with damage to
genes involved in cell-cycle regulation.
* Cancer cells form disorganized clumps called tumors.
– Benign tumors remain clustered and can be removed.
– Malignant tumors metastasize, or break away, and can
form more tumors.
normal cell
cancer cell
bloodstream
• Apoptosis is programmed cell death.
* a normal feature of healthy organisms
* caused by a cell’s production of self-destructive enzymes
* occurs in
development
of infants
webbed fingers
* Asexual reproduction is the creation of offspring from a single
parent.
* Binary fission produces two daughter cells genetically identical to
the parent cell.
* Binary fission occurs in
parent cell
prokaryotes.
DNA
duplicates
cell begins
to divide
daughter
cells
* Fragmentation is the splitting of
the parent into pieces that each
grow into a new organism.
• Vegetative reproduction
forms a new plant from the
modification of a stem or
underground structure on
the parent plant.
5 December
Goal for today is to understand
that genetic diversity is due to Prophase I of meiosis.
Define the following:
Study Guide Questions:
Pg. 53 – all questions
Pg. 54 – 9 – 15
Pg. 55 – all questions
Gametes –
Homologous chromosomes –
Autosomes – (they occur in somatic cells)
Sex chromosomes –
Reduction division –
What is the end result of meiosis?
* Body cells are also called somatic cells.
* Somatic cells make up most body tissue and organs, not passed on to
offspring.
* Gametes (germ cells)
* located in the ovaries and testes.
* Gametes are sex cells: egg and sperm.
* Gametes are the cells that pass traits to offspring (children).
body cells
sex cells (sperm)
• Your body cells have 23 pairs
of chromosomes.
– Homologous pairs of
chromosomes have the
same structure.
– For each homologous pair,
one chromosome comes
from each parent.
• Chromosome pairs 1-22 are
autosomes. These contain
genes not directly related to
gender.
• Sex chromosomes, X and Y,
determine gender in mammals.
*Fertilization between egg and sperm occurs in sexual
reproduction.
*Diploid (2n) cells have two copies of every
chromosome.
*Body cells are diploid, and divide by mitosis.
*Half the chromosomes come from each parent.
How many chromosomes are present?
• Haploid (n) cells have one copy of every chromosome.
– Gametes are haploid, result from meiosis.
– Gametes have 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome.
How many chromosomes are present?
• Meiosis makes haploid cells from diploid cells.
– Meiosis occurs in sex cells.
– Meiosis produces gametes.
• Chromosome number must be maintained in animals.
• Many plants have more than two copies of each
chromosome.
• Mitosis and meiosis are types of nuclear division that
make different types of cells.
• Mitosis makes
more diploid cells.
Can you list the features unique to each
process in the table below?
Mitosis
Meiosis
Do you understand the difference between the
following reproductive strategies?
Asexual reproduction –
Binary fission –
Is it more advantageous for an organism to be
asexual?
1) What is the end result of mitosis?
2) What is the end result of meiosis?
3) What are homologous chromosomes?
4) What happens to the chromosomes during
Prophase I of meiosis?
5) What are the difference between plant and animal
mitosis?
http://www.ted.com/talks/spencer_wells_is_building_a_family_tree_for_al
l_humanity.html Spencer Wells