Transcript Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis
Overview: The Process That
Feeds the Biosphere
• Photosynthesis is the process that
converts solar energy into chemical energy
• Directly or indirectly, photosynthesis
nourishes almost the entire living world
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• Autotrophs sustain themselves without
eating anything derived from other
organisms
• Autotrophs are the producers of the
biosphere, producing organic molecules
from CO2 and other inorganic molecules
• Almost all plants are photoautotrophs, using
the energy of sunlight to make organic
molecules from H2O and CO2
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 10-1
• Photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae,
certain other protists, and some prokaryotes
• These organisms feed not only themselves
but also most of the living world
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 10-2
(a) Plants
(c) Unicellular protist
10 µm
(e) Purple sulfur
bacteria
(b) Multicellular alga
(d) Cyanobacteria
40 µm
1.5 µm
Fig. 10-2a
(a) Plants
Fig. 10-2b
(b) Multicellular alga
Fig. 10-2c
(c) Unicellular protist
10 µm
Fig. 10-2d
(d) Cyanobacteria
40 µm
Fig. 10-2e
(e) Purple sulfur
bacteria
1.5 µm
• Heterotrophs obtain their organic material
from other organisms
• Heterotrophs are the consumers of the
biosphere
• Almost all heterotrophs, including humans,
depend on photoautotrophs for food and O2
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Concept: Photosynthesis
converts light energy to the
chemical energy of food
• Chloroplasts are structurally similar to and
likely evolved from photosynthetic bacteria
• The structural organization of these cells
allows for the chemical reactions of
photosynthesis
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Chloroplasts: The Sites of
Photosynthesis in Plants
• Leaves are the major locations of
photosynthesis
• Their green color is from chlorophyll, the
green pigment within chloroplasts
• Light energy absorbed by chlorophyll drives
the synthesis of organic molecules in the
chloroplast
• CO2 enters and O2 exits the leaf through
microscopic pores called stomata (stoma)
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• The chlorophyll is in the membranes of
thylakoids (connected sacs in the
chloroplast); thylakoids may be stacked in
columns called grana
• Chloroplasts also contain stroma, a dense
fluid
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 10-3
Leaf cross section
Vein
Mesophyll
Stomata
Chloroplast
CO2
O2
Mesophyll cell
Outer
membrane
Thylakoid
Stroma
Granum
Thylakoid
space
Intermembrane
space
Inner
membrane
1 µm
5 µm
Fig. 10-3a
Leaf cross section
Vein
Mesophyll
Stomata
Chloroplast
CO2
O2
Mesophyll cell
5 µm
Fig. 10-3b
Chloroplast
Outer
membrane
Thylakoid
Stroma
Granum
Thylakoid
space
Intermembrane
space
Inner
membrane
1 µm
Tracking Atoms Through
Photosynthesis: Scientific Inquiry
• Photosynthesis can be summarized as the
following equation:
6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light energy  C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Splitting of Water
• Chloroplasts split H2O into hydrogen and
oxygen, incorporating the electrons of
hydrogen into sugar molecules
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 10-4
Reactants:
Products:
6 CO2
C6H12O6
12 H2O
6 H2 O
6 O2
The Two Stages of
Photosynthesis: A Preview
• Photosynthesis consists of the lightdependent reactions (the photo part) and
Calvin cycle, or light-independent
reactions (the synthesis part)
• The light-dependent reactions (thylakoids):
– Split H2O
– Release O2
– Reduce NADP+ to NADPH
– Generate ATP from ADP
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
• The light-independent reactions, a.k.a. the
Calvin cycle, (stroma) forms sugar from
CO2, using ATP and NADPH
• The Calvin cycle begins with carbon
fixation, incorporating CO2 into organic
molecules
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 10-5-1
H2O
Light
NADP+
ADP
+ P
Light
Reactions
Chloroplast
i
Fig. 10-5-2
H2O
Light
NADP+
ADP
+ P
i
Light
Reactions
ATP
NADPH
Chloroplast
O2
Fig. 10-5-3
CO2
H2O
Light
NADP+
ADP
+ P
i
Light
Reactions
ATP
NADPH
Chloroplast
O2
Calvin
Cycle
Fig. 10-5-4
CO2
H2O
Light
NADP+
ADP
+ P
i
Light
Reactions
Calvin
Cycle
ATP
NADPH
Chloroplast
O2
[CH2O]
(sugar)
Concept: The light-dependent
reactions convert solar energy to
the chemical energy of ATP and
NADPH
• Chloroplasts are solar-powered chemical
factories
• Their thylakoids transform light energy into
the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Light-Dependent Reactions
STROMA
(low H+ concentration)
Cytochrome
Photosystem I
complex
Light
Photosystem II
4 H+
Light
Fd
NADP+
reductase
NADP+ + H+
NADPH
Pq
H2O
THYLAKOID SPACE
(high H+ concentration)
e–
1
e–
1/
Pc
2
2
3
O2
+2 H+
4 H+
To
Calvin
Cycle
Thylakoid
membrane
STROMA
(low H+ concentration)
ATP
synthase
ADP
+
Pi
ATP
H+
Review
• The ___ of light determines its color.
• Chemicals that absorb light are called ___.
• Chlorophyll makes plants look green because it
___ green light.
• Chloroplasts contain an abundance of saclike
photosynthetic membranes called ___
• The ___ is the fluid portion of the chloroplast
located outside the thylakoids
• The visible light absorbed by chlorophyll ___ the
energy level of the chlorophyll’s electrons.
Light-Independent Reactions (the Calvin Cycle)
(___)
Energy Storage
• Short term storage (immediate use)
– ATP
– NADPH
• Long term storage
– Carbohydrates (starch & glycogen)
– Proteins
• Very-long term storage
– Lipids (adipose/fat tissues)
CO2 x 3
carbon fixation
RuBP (5C) x 3
PGAL (3C) x 2 x 3
Calvin Cycle
reduction
3 ATP
6 ATP
regeneration
6 NADPH
G3P (3C) x 2 x 3
glucose
What is missing from
this Calvin cycle?
Cellular Respiration
http://www.hartnell.edu/tutorials/biology/cellularrespiration.html
The purpose of respiration is to
produce ATP
• ATP – What is it for?
– The energy molecule of the cell
– Energy stored in last bond (3rd phosphate
group)
– Immediate energy
– Also produced in photosynthesis, but is
immediately used again in the Calvin cycle
Types: Cellular (aerobic) respiration
and anaerobic respiration
Cellular respiration = aerobic respiration
= glycolysis + Krebs cycle + electron
transport chain
anaerobic respiration = glycolysis +
fermentation
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