Unit 2

• What is Manifest Destiny?

Glossary

Westward Expansion

Manifest Destiny God’s will to expand from sea to sea

Land

Louisiana Territory Florida Red River Basin Texas Oregon Mexican Cession

From Whom and How?

Gadsden Purchase

From Whom?

France Spain Great Britain Mexico Great Britain Mexico Mexico 1803 1810-1819 1818 1845 1846 1848 1853

When?

How?

Pres. Jefferson purchased for $15 mil.

Given by Spain Ceded in Convention of 1818 Mexican-American War Treaty with Britain Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo Purchased for $10 mil.

Motivations

• • • •

California Gold Rush

1849 – 1,000s head west to get rich Mormons head to Utah – Escape from religious persecution Land was very cheap and plentiful

Oregon Trail

Transportation

• • Transportation Systems: – Rivers & Roads – Canals & Railroads Moved: – Travelers, Agricultural, Goods Connected: – Farms, Towns, Cities • Fueled the Civil War: Created: – Local & Regional Economies, and Sectional Jealousies & Rivalries

Native American Displacement

President Andrew Jackson

• • Policies:

Indian Removal Act

– Provided Federal money to move all Indians to the Great Plains

Trail of Tears

– Moving GA, SC, and NC Cherokee Indians to Oklahoma Territory

Changing American Character

• State Pride  National Pride  Nationalism Put state above nation Put nation above state Put nation above state and self

Unit 2 EOC Practice

It roughly doubled the size of the United States at the time and meant that the US could focus on westward expansion rather than strictly depending on trade with foreign nations. What was it?

a. The Gadsden Purchase b. Land Ordinance of 1785 c. The Louisiana Purchase d. Oregon Territory

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

• • Divided Northwest Territory – IL, OH, IN, MI, WI Set up guidelines for states entering the Union WI MI IL IN MI OH

Missouri Compromise

• • 1819 Should MO be slave or free?

MO slave with Maine free • 36˚30 ˚ N – Any new state above: Free – Any new state below: Slave

Monroe Doctrine

• • • 1823 President Monroe Warning: – All outside powers stay out of Western Hemisphere – U.S. would stay outs of European issues

Native American Relations

• • • Assimilation – Become a part of American culture/society Revolt – Fight back against persecution

Black Hawk War

– Aug. 1832 – – Illinois 200 Native Americans killed

Native American Relations

• •

Sand Creek Massacre

– – 1861 270 Cheyenne killed • Women and Children

Battle of Little Big Horn

– 1876 – Sioux Warriors v. Gen. Custer – Crazy Horse – “Custer’s Last Stand” – 200 Americans killed

Native American Relations

•

Wounded Knee

– – 1890 Sitting Bull – “Ghost Dance” • Return buffalo and banish Whites – Sioux v. Americans • Gun fight • 14 killed (including Sitting Bull) – Mass fire • 150 men, women, children killed • Unarmed

Native American Relations

•

Dawes Act

– – Break up reservations Divide land among N.A. families – – Become US citizens Didn’t work • N.A. wanted to remain a tribe

Trails West

•

Santa Fe Trail

– – 780 miles Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico – – Very dangerous Attacks from Kiowa & Comanche – Wagons worked together to reach Santa Fe

Trails West

•

Oregon Trail

– Independence, Missouri to Portland, Oregon – Took months – – Fever, Diarrhea, Cholera 5,000 Settlers (8 years)

Unit 2 EOC Practice

What was distinctive about the Battle of Little Bighorn?

a. It was one of the few battles that ended with Native Americans surrendering and being relocated to reservations.

b. It was the battle in which the famed chief, Sitting Bull, was killed.

c. It marked the Native American peoples’ largest and last victory over US military force in the West.

d. It inspired passage of the Dawes Act.

Unit 2 Review

• Name one danger/obstacle faced on the Santa Fe Trail and the Oregon Trail. (2 total)

Oregon

• • President Polk v. Great Britain “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight” – Latitude 54”40’ – North Oregon line

Texas Revolution

1. Americans went to Texas –

Land Grants

• Prevent border violations & N.A. attacks • Sold cheap land to Americans

Texas Revolution

2. Revolt – Tariff on American imports – Texans wanted Salutary Neglect – Alamo – Pres. Santa Anna lead attack • 187 Americans died – Texans later defeated Mexican Army

Texas Revolution

3. Republic of Texas

– Separate Country 4. Annexation – America absorbed Texas – Issue- Slave or non Slave?

Mexican-American War

• • • Pres. James K. Polk – Wanted more land (NM and CA) – Manifest Destiny US and Mexico disagreed about the Texas/Mexico border Congress declared war 1847

Mexican-American War

• • • • NM fell w/out a shot being fired CA fell after a small group of Americans seized Sonoma (Republic of California)

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

– US got NM, CA, TX (to Rio Grande), NV, UT, AZ, CO, WY Gadsden Purchase – Small area south of Gila Rv.

Unit 2

• What is sectionalism?

Page 194 & 216

• What is the American System?

Industrial Revolution

• • • • Social and economic reorganization – Machines replaced hand tools – Large-scale factory production Started in G.B.

– 18 th c.

Eli Whitney –

interchangeable parts

– Exactly alike

Mass Production

– Large quantities

North v. South v. West

•

Sectionalism

– Different regional characteristics

North

• • • • Manufacturing Centers – Women worked and lived there – Family farms couldn’t afford to keep them Textile Mills No need for slaves – 1804 – Abolished Finance – Banks/Professionals

South

• • • • Antebellum (before the Civil War) Eli Whitney – Cotton Gin – “engine” – – 1793 Removed seeds from fibers Plantations – VA, NC, SC, GA, AL, MS, LA, TN, AR, MO Cash Crops – VERY dependent on slaves

South

Bales of Cotton # of Slaves

Slaves and Cotton

1790 3,000 700,000 •

Fugitive Slave Law

• 1850 • Runaway slaves would be returned 1810 178,000 1,200,000

West

• • • • • Agriculture and Industry John Deere –

Steel Plow

– Faster farming techniques Windmill – Use wind to power machinery Corn, Wheat, Cattle

Cowtowns

– Herded cattle to railroads for transport – Cowboys (most were Mexican and Black)

West

• • • Immigrants – Came on railroads

Homestead Act

– 160 acres free – Plant crops and improve land

Oklahoma Land Rush

– “Sooner” you get there, the better – Claim land

Unit 2 EOC Review

Which of the following statements is an example of sectionalism?

a. The South relied heavily on slaves and the plantation system, while the North relied on immigrant labor factories.

b. The south’s decision to fire on Fort Sumter.

c. Lincoln’s decision to be a Republican.

d. Many African-Americans moved west to become cowboys, while others stayed in the South as farmers.

American System

• • Unite Country Transportation Systems –

Transcontinental Railroad

• East coast to West coast –

Erie Canal

• • 363 miles Connected Hudson River with Lake Erie

American System

– – – Protective tariff (buy American) Goal: Don’t depend on other countries • South and West - Provide food and cotton • North - Produce goods • South and West - Buy goods National Currency • Same EVERYWHERE!!!!

• • Trade easier Help boost the economy by allowing people to buy American goods

Minorities

Women – Greater freedom – Flexible society Immigrants – Chinese – West Coast – Irish – East Coast – Railroad labor African Americans – Buffalo Soldiers - All black regiments

Reform

• • •

2 nd Great Awakening

– Early 1800s – Social Responsibility

Revival

– Social meeting – “Awaken” religious faith African American Church – Sat in separate pews

Meanwhile: Missouri Compromise (1820) Monroe elected pres. (1820) J.Q. Adams elected pres. (1824) Jackson elected pres. (1828) Black Hawk War (1832)

Reform

• • • • • • • Women’s Rights (mid 1800s)

Cult of Domesticity

– Home and family Elizabeth Cady Stanton Lucretia Mott Sarah & Angelina Grimké Sojourner Truth (free black)

Seneca Falls Convention

(1848) – – Women’s rights convention 300 women and men

Temperance Movement

– Prohibition of alcohol

Meanwhile: Van Buren elected pres. (1836) Deere’s Steel Plow (1837) Trail of Tears (1838)

Unit 2 EOC Practice

Leading up to the Civil War, the South had an economy based on agriculture and slave labor while the North had an economy based on a. Industry and wage labor b. Agriculture and corporations c. Plantations and indentured labor d. Much more trade with other nations

Abolition

• • • • Call to outlaw slavery William Lloyd Garrison –

The Liberator

–

Emancipation

• Freeing of slaves w/ no payment to slaveholders David Walker (free black) – Fight for freedom Frederick Douglass (free black 1838) – Inspirational Speaker

Life Under Slavery

• Mid – late 1800s • • • Rural Large plantations Men, women, children Dawn to dusk • • Urban Skilled laborers Artisans

Life under Slavery

• • • • • • Revolt (1831) Nat Turner Preacher 80 followers Attacked 4 plantations Killed 60 (men, women, children) Later captured by troops – Whites killed 200 blacks

Resistance to Slavery

• •

Personal Liberty Laws

– 9 Northern States – Runaways couldn’t be imprisoned – Trials

Underground Railroad

– “Conductors” hid fugitive slaves – Tunnels, hideaways to Canada – – Food, clothing Harriet Tubman • 19 Trips to South • 300 slaves

Resistance to Slavery

• Harriet Beecher Stowe –

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

– 1852 – Slavery = immoral