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QUIT
13
Changes on the Western Frontier
CHAPTER OBJECTIVE
INTERACT WITH HISTORY
TIME LINE
GRAPH
MAP
SECTION
1 Cultures Clash on the Prairie
SECTION
2 Settling on the Great Plains
SECTION
3 Farmers and the Populist Movement
VISUAL SUMMARY
HOME
13
Changes on the Western Frontier
CHAPTER OBJECTIVE
To analyze the settlement of the Great Plains
during the late 1800s and to examine Native
American policies, private property rights,
and the Populist movement
HOME
13
Changes on the Western Frontier
INTERACT
WITH HISTORY
It is the late 1890s. The American West is the last frontier.
Ranchers, cowboys, and miners have changed forever the lives
of the Native Americans who hunted on the Western plains.
Now westward fever intensifies as “boomers” rush to grab
“free” farm land with the government’s blessing.
What do you expect to find on settling in the West?
Examine the Issues
• What might be some ways to make a living on the Western frontier?
• If native peoples already live in your intended home, how will you
co-exist?
• How might settlers and Native Americans differ regarding use of
the land?
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13
Changes on the Western Frontier
TIME LINE
The United States
The World
1869 Suez Canal is opened.
1870 Red Cloud, chief of the Oglala Sioux,
states his people's case in Washington, D.C.
1872 Secret ballot is adopted in Britain.
1880 James Garfield is elected president.
1881 Garfield is assassinated. Chester Arthur
becomes president.
1881 French occupy Tunisia.
1884 Grover Cleveland is elected president.
1889 Oklahoma opened for settlement; the land
rush begins.
1890 Sioux are massacred at Wounded Knee.
continued . . .
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Changes on the Western Frontier
TIME LINE
The United States
The World
1893 Diminished U.S. gold reserve triggers the
panic of 1893.
1893 France takes over Indochina.
1896 William McKinley is elected president.
William Jennings Bryan runs for president.
1899 Berlin Conference divides Africa among
European nations.
1900 Boxer Rebellion takes place in China.
HOME
1
Cultures Clash on the Prairie
KEY IDEA
Pursuit of economic opportunity leads settlers to push
westward. Settlers confront established Native
American cultures. With the help of cowboys, the cattle
industry thrives as the Native American culture of the
Great Plains declines. About 1890 the frontier is closed.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT
HOME
1
Cultures Clash on the Prairie
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The cattle industry boomed in the
late 1800s, as the culture of the
Plains Indians declined.
Today, ranchers and Plains Indians
work to preserve their cultural
traditions.
TERMS & NAMES
• Chisholm Trail
• assimilation
• Battle of Wounded Knee
• Great Plains
• longhorn
• Treaty of Fort Laramie
• Sitting Bull
• long drive
• George A. Custer
• Dawes Act
ASSESSMENT
HOME
1
Cultures Clash on the Prairie
ASSESSMENT
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts.
Provide supporting details about the culture of the Plains
Indians in each of the three categories.
Culture of the
Plains Indians
Buffalo and Horse
Family Life
Source of food,
clothes, shelter,
and transportation
Communal property
and government;
individualism valued
Beliefs
Focus on the
present; world
inhabited by spirits
continued . . .
1
HOME
Cultures Clash on the Prairie
ASSESSMENT
2. Why do you think the assimilation policy of the Dawes
Act failed? Think About:
• the experience of Native Americans such as Zitkala-Sa
• the attitudes of many white leaders toward Native Americans
• the merits of owning property
• the importance of cultural heritage
ANSWER
Lack of support by the government, abuses of the act by
white opportunists, and Native Americans’ lack of
interest in private property
continued . . .
1
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Cultures Clash on the Prairie
ASSESSMENT
3. What economic opportunities drew large numbers of
people to the Great Plains beginning in the mid-1800s?
ANSWER
Growth of the railroads, the burgeoning cattle industry,
and government support of “free land”
continued . . .
1
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Cultures Clash on the Prairie
ASSESSMENT
4. Identify the reasons for the rise and the decline of the
cattle industry.
ANSWER
Rise: the seizure of Native American lands; the adaptation
of the longhorn to the Plains; the growing demand for
beef
Decline: overgrazing; bad weather; barbed wire and end
of the open plains
End of Section 1
GRAPH
HOME
MAP
2
Settling on the Great Plains
KEY IDEA
The promise of cheap, fertile land draws
thousands of settlers westward to seek their
fortunes as farmers. Settlers face extreme
hardships in taming the land.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT
GRAPH
HOME
MAP
2
Settling on the Great Plains
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Settlers on the Great Plains
transformed the land despite
great hardships.
The Great Plains region
remains the bread basket of the
United States.
TERMS & NAMES
• bonanza farm
• exoduster
• Morrill Act
• soddy
• Homestead Act
ASSESSMENT
GRAPH
HOME
MAP
2
Settling on the Great Plains
ASSESSMENT
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List
four events that shaped the settling of the Great Plains.
Event One
Event Three
1874:
1862:
Development of barbed
wire
Homestead Act
Event Two
Event Four
1869:
1889:
Completion of the first
transcontinental railroad
Oklahoma land rush
continued . . .
GRAPH
MAP
2
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Settling on the Great Plains
ASSESSMENT
2. How successful were government efforts to promote
settlement of the Great Plains? Think About:
• the growth in population on the Great Plains
• the role of railroads in the economy
• the Homestead Act
ANSWER
Success: Increased miles of railroad track and population helped settle the plains.
Failure: Despite the private property rights of homesteaders, only about 10
percent of the land was actually settled by the families for whom it was intended;
the railroads subsidized by the government became overly powerful.
continued . . .
GRAPH
HOME
MAP
2
Settling on the Great Plains
ASSESSMENT
3. Review the changes in technology that influenced the
life of settlers on the Great Plains in the late 1800s.
Explain how you think settlement of the plains would
have been different without these inventions.
ANSWER
Without technology there would have been more crop
dehydration; wandering animals and trampled crops; and
crops ruined by inclement weather.
continued . . .
GRAPH
MAP
2
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Settling on the Great Plains
ASSESSMENT
4. How did the railroads take advantage of farmers?
ANSWER
Railroads charged plains farmers a higher fee than they
did farmers in the East; they charged more for short
hauls and forced the farmers deeper into debt.
End of Section 2
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3
Farmers and the Populist Movement
KEY IDEA
Farmers band together to address their
economic problems, giving rise to the
Populist movement. Economic troubles
lead to clashes over silver or gold as the
basis of the monetary system.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT
HOME
3
Farmers and the Populist Movement
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Farmers united to address their
economic problems, giving rise to
the Populist movement.
Many of the Populist reform issues,
such as income tax and legally
protected rights of workers, are now
taken for granted.
TERMS & NAMES
• Farmers’ Alliances
• Grange
• William Jennings Bryan
• William McKinley
• Populism
• Oliver Hudson Kelley
• gold standard
• bimetallism
ASSESSMENT
HOME
3
Farmers and the Populist Movement
ASSESSMENT
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts.
Identify the causes of the rise of the Populist Party
and the effects the party had.
Causes
Effects
New ideas that later
became law
Falling prices for crops
Inability to repay loans
Excessive railroad prices
Populist
Party
Political forum for
addressing special interests
Message of hope to
downtrodden
continued . . .
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Farmers and the Populist Movement
ASSESSMENT
2. What do you think were the most significant factors in
bringing an end to the Populist Party? Think About:
• monetary policy
• third-party status
• source of popular support
• popular participation policy
ANSWER
Bryan’s free-silver stand seems to have been most
instrumental in bringing about the fall of the populist Party.
His stand led gold bug Democrats to nominate their own
candidate. It also weakened his support in cities where
continued . . .
consumers feared inflation.
3
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Farmers and the Populist Movement
ASSESSMENT
3. How did the Grange and the Farmers’ Alliances pave
the way for the Populist Party?
ANSWER
The Grange informed members on issues that affected
them. It raised questions on issues that would become
the basis of the Populist Party.
End of Section 3