Transcript Training on Smallholder irrigation & value chains

Training on
Smallholder irrigation & value chains
Strategies to enhance incomes
S.C. Rajshekar
Symbiotec Research Associates
C-6-C, Gangotri Enclave, Alaknanda New Delhi 110 019
Tel: 91-11-26210633 Email: [email protected]
What is this about?
• How does one enhance incomes of small
and marginal farmers?
• Gujarat – Junagadh & Dahod
• Orissa – Nawarangapur & Sonepur
• Eastern Uttar Pradesh – Padrauna & Gorakhpur
What should we do?
Production
What can you influence
and where should one
start
Market
Increased
risk
Not
taken off
Costs, profits & risk
Using local varieties
ACTIVITY
AREA
NURSERY
LAND PREPARATION
TRANSPLANTING/SOWNG
IRRIGATION
WEEDING/INTERCULTURE
MANURE & FERTILISERS
PESTICIDES & FUNGICIDES
HARVEST
COST OF CULTIVATION
YIELD IN KG
COST OF CULTIVATION/ACRE
THRESHOLD PRICE (COST/YIELD)
LESS NON-CASH EXPENSES
TOTAL COST OF CULTIVATION
THRESHOLD PRICE (COST/YIELD) NEW
PRICE BAND IN Rs.
INCOME
NET INCOME
NET INCOME LESS NON-CASH EXPENSES
AVERAGE ACTUAL PRICE REALISATION
In contrast, near Bangalore
ORISSA
TOMATO
0.5
100
160
50
1200
550
670
550
500
3780
3400
7560
1.11
2160
1620.00
0.48
1.0-4.0
6800.00
3020
5180.00
Cost of cultivation of Tomato
is Rs..20,000 /acre.
Yield is 12t-15t /acre
How to increase
Cost per kg is ~Rs..1.50
productivity without
At Rs.2.00/kg net income is
significantly Rs.6000-7500/acre!
increasing risk
2.00
Conceptual framework
Crop Management
Cropping Pattern
oChoice of crop
oCrop timing
oMotivation, food security,
cash needs
Cropping intensity
Crop diversification
oAdoption of new crops
oMulti-level cropping
oSpreading risk by
diversifying crop portfolio
into grains, vegetables,
orchards & trees
Input management
Access to physical inputs
oSeeds
oFertilisers
oPesticides
oWater
oSoil
oLabour & Capital
Production knowledge
oRight choice of inputs
oRight use of inputs
oAccess to production
knowledge
Output market
Location of markets
Type of market, primary, secondary
Price discovery mechanism, direct sale, auction
Transparency & market practices
Prior access to market information
Cropping pattern
• Junagadh
• Ground nut – Vegetables
• Sonepur
• Paddy – vegetables
What do the 3
cropping patterns
tell you?
• Find the area
• Multi-crops (millets, pulses, cucurbits) - vegetables
Cropping pattern tells us about
•
•
•
•
•
Soil type
Land location
Irrigation – available or not
Climate
Market choices
And what else???
Cropping pattern tells us about..
•
•
•
•
•
Attitude
Way of life vs. commercial agriculture
Security vs. profits
Nature of security sought
Extent of integration into monetary
economy
Typical cropping pattern
• Sonepur - Paddy – vegetables
• Tribal area - Multi-crops (millets, pulses, cucurbits) - vegetables
• First food security (Paddy, millets, etc.)
• Next cash needs (Pulses, vegetables, fruits,
etc.)
• Junagadh - Ground nut – Vegetables.
Crop portfolio planning
Crop portfolio
Food security
Existing crops –
Immediate term
Select top 3 existing crops
Document best practices
Identify cost reduction and
productivity enhancing
measures
Build a campaign to promote
Cash needs
Long-term
security
New high value
crops –medium
term
Identify new high value crops
such as Stevia, Safed musli, etc.
Introduce through a campaign
Reduce risk by backing up with
contracted buy-back with reputed
firms vetted by IDE-I
Diversification into
orchards
Field bund
plantations
Revival of
supplementary land
based activities
Cost reduction & productivity
enhancement
• Proper crop management
•
•
•
•
Nursery for cotton?
Alternate furrow irrigation
Micro-drip micro-fertigation
Integrated Pest Management
• Multilevel cropping
• Increases production from unit area
• Spreads risk
Multilevel cropping
Climbers bottle gourds
Lemon
Cabbage
Banana
Beans
Tomato lines
Climbers flat beans, bitter gourd
Climbers flat beans
lines
Papaya
Approaches to increasing income
Ultra unconventional
Agri-extension
How to
increase
income
Grow more = gain more
But
Risk more too!
Less cost, less labour =
gain more
And
More crops = less risk
Unconventional response
Grow more but less cost, gain
more
And
More crops = less risk
Natural farming
low cost, low labour, less risk
same production
• Natural farming is farming integrated with
Nature, not in competition with it.
• Grow more, but safeguard your asset too –
the soil, water, seeds
• The question to ask is what operation can I
eliminate in growing a crop?