Training on Smallholder irrigation & value chains
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Transcript Training on Smallholder irrigation & value chains
Training on
Smallholder irrigation & value chains
Strategies to enhance incomes
S.C. Rajshekar
Symbiotec Research Associates
C-6-C, Gangotri Enclave, Alaknanda New Delhi 110 019
Tel: 91-11-26210633 Email: [email protected]
What is this about?
• How does one enhance incomes of small
and marginal farmers?
• Gujarat – Junagadh & Dahod
• Orissa – Nawarangapur & Sonepur
• Eastern Uttar Pradesh – Padrauna & Gorakhpur
What should we do?
Production
What can you influence
and where should one
start
Market
Increased
risk
Not
taken off
Costs, profits & risk
Using local varieties
ACTIVITY
AREA
NURSERY
LAND PREPARATION
TRANSPLANTING/SOWNG
IRRIGATION
WEEDING/INTERCULTURE
MANURE & FERTILISERS
PESTICIDES & FUNGICIDES
HARVEST
COST OF CULTIVATION
YIELD IN KG
COST OF CULTIVATION/ACRE
THRESHOLD PRICE (COST/YIELD)
LESS NON-CASH EXPENSES
TOTAL COST OF CULTIVATION
THRESHOLD PRICE (COST/YIELD) NEW
PRICE BAND IN Rs.
INCOME
NET INCOME
NET INCOME LESS NON-CASH EXPENSES
AVERAGE ACTUAL PRICE REALISATION
In contrast, near Bangalore
ORISSA
TOMATO
0.5
100
160
50
1200
550
670
550
500
3780
3400
7560
1.11
2160
1620.00
0.48
1.0-4.0
6800.00
3020
5180.00
Cost of cultivation of Tomato
is Rs..20,000 /acre.
Yield is 12t-15t /acre
How to increase
Cost per kg is ~Rs..1.50
productivity without
At Rs.2.00/kg net income is
significantly Rs.6000-7500/acre!
increasing risk
2.00
Conceptual framework
Crop Management
Cropping Pattern
oChoice of crop
oCrop timing
oMotivation, food security,
cash needs
Cropping intensity
Crop diversification
oAdoption of new crops
oMulti-level cropping
oSpreading risk by
diversifying crop portfolio
into grains, vegetables,
orchards & trees
Input management
Access to physical inputs
oSeeds
oFertilisers
oPesticides
oWater
oSoil
oLabour & Capital
Production knowledge
oRight choice of inputs
oRight use of inputs
oAccess to production
knowledge
Output market
Location of markets
Type of market, primary, secondary
Price discovery mechanism, direct sale, auction
Transparency & market practices
Prior access to market information
Cropping pattern
• Junagadh
• Ground nut – Vegetables
• Sonepur
• Paddy – vegetables
What do the 3
cropping patterns
tell you?
• Find the area
• Multi-crops (millets, pulses, cucurbits) - vegetables
Cropping pattern tells us about
•
•
•
•
•
Soil type
Land location
Irrigation – available or not
Climate
Market choices
And what else???
Cropping pattern tells us about..
•
•
•
•
•
Attitude
Way of life vs. commercial agriculture
Security vs. profits
Nature of security sought
Extent of integration into monetary
economy
Typical cropping pattern
• Sonepur - Paddy – vegetables
• Tribal area - Multi-crops (millets, pulses, cucurbits) - vegetables
• First food security (Paddy, millets, etc.)
• Next cash needs (Pulses, vegetables, fruits,
etc.)
• Junagadh - Ground nut – Vegetables.
Crop portfolio planning
Crop portfolio
Food security
Existing crops –
Immediate term
Select top 3 existing crops
Document best practices
Identify cost reduction and
productivity enhancing
measures
Build a campaign to promote
Cash needs
Long-term
security
New high value
crops –medium
term
Identify new high value crops
such as Stevia, Safed musli, etc.
Introduce through a campaign
Reduce risk by backing up with
contracted buy-back with reputed
firms vetted by IDE-I
Diversification into
orchards
Field bund
plantations
Revival of
supplementary land
based activities
Cost reduction & productivity
enhancement
• Proper crop management
•
•
•
•
Nursery for cotton?
Alternate furrow irrigation
Micro-drip micro-fertigation
Integrated Pest Management
• Multilevel cropping
• Increases production from unit area
• Spreads risk
Multilevel cropping
Climbers bottle gourds
Lemon
Cabbage
Banana
Beans
Tomato lines
Climbers flat beans, bitter gourd
Climbers flat beans
lines
Papaya
Approaches to increasing income
Ultra unconventional
Agri-extension
How to
increase
income
Grow more = gain more
But
Risk more too!
Less cost, less labour =
gain more
And
More crops = less risk
Unconventional response
Grow more but less cost, gain
more
And
More crops = less risk
Natural farming
low cost, low labour, less risk
same production
• Natural farming is farming integrated with
Nature, not in competition with it.
• Grow more, but safeguard your asset too –
the soil, water, seeds
• The question to ask is what operation can I
eliminate in growing a crop?