Transcript Individual and Market Demand Chapter 4
Individual and Market Demand Chapter 4
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INDIVIDUAL DEMAND
Price Changes
Using the figures developed in the previous chapter, the impact of a change in the price of food can be illustrated using indifference curves.
For each price change, we can determine how much of the good the individual would purchase given their budget lines and indifference curves 2
Clothing 10 6 4 5
A U 1 B U 2
4 12 20
D U 3
Assume: •
I =
$20 •
P C
•
P F = $2 =
$2, $1, $0.50
Each price leads to different amounts of food purchased Food (units per month) 3
Effect of a Price Change
●
price-consumption curve: Curve tracing the utility-maximizing combinations of two goods as the price of one changes.
individual demand curve: Curve relating the quantity of a good that a single consumer will buy to its price.
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Effect of a Price Change
• • By changing prices and showing what the consumer will purchase, we can create a demand schedule and demand curve for the individual From the previous example: Demand Schedule P Q $2.00
$1.00
$0.50
20 12 4 5
Effect of a Price Change
Price of Food $2.00
E
Individual Demand relates the quantity of a good that a consumer will buy to the price of that good.
$1.00
$.50
4
G
12 Demand Curve
H
20 Food (units per month) 6
Demand Curves – Important Properties
• The level of utility that can be attained changes as we move along the curve.
• At every point on the demand curve, the consumer is maximizing utility by satisfying the condition that the MRS of food for clothing equals the ratio of the prices of food and clothing 7
Effect of a Price Change
Price of Food $2.00
E G
When the price falls:
P f /P c
& MRS also fall •E: P
f /P c
•G: P
f /P c
•H:P
f /P c
= 2/2 = 1 = MRS = 1/2 = .5 = MRS = .5/2 = .25 = MRS $1.00
$.50
4 12 20
H
Demand Curve Food (units per month) 8
Effects of Income Changes
Clothing (units per month) Assume:
P f =
$1,
P c I =
$10, $20, $30 = $2 An increase in income, with the prices fixed, causes consumers to alter their choice of market basket.
7 5 3
A
4
U 1 B U 2
10 16
D U 3
Food (units per month) 9
Income Changes
– – When the income-consumption curve has a positive slope: • The quantity demanded increases with income.
• • The income elasticity of demand is positive.
The good is a normal good.
When the income-consumption curve has a negative slope: • • • The quantity demanded decreases with income.
The income elasticity of demand is negative.
The good is an inferior good 10
Engel Curves
– Engel curves relate the quantity of good consumed to income.
– If the good is a normal good, the Engel curve is upward sloping.
– If the good is an inferior good, the Engel curve is downward sloping.
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Engel Curves
Income ($ per month) 30 20 10 Engel curves slope upward for normal goods.
4 8 12 16 Food (units per month) 12
Substitutes & Complements
• Two goods are substitutes if an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the quantity demanded of the other.
Ex: movie tickets and video rentals • Two goods are complements if an increase in the price of one good leads to a decrease in the quantity demanded of the other.
Ex: gasoline and motor oil • Two goods are independent if a change in the price of one good has no effect on the quantity demanded of the other Ex: chicken and airplane tickets 13
Substitutes & Complements
•
A change in the price of a good has two effects:
–
Substitution Effect
–
Income Effect
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Income and Substitution Effects
• • Substitution Effect – – Relative price of a good changes when price changes Consumers will tend to buy more of the good that has become relatively cheaper, and less of the good that is relatively more expensive.
Income Effect – Consumers experience an increase in real purchasing power when the price of one good falls.
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• • Substitution Effect – – The substitution effect is the change in an item’s consumption associated with a change in the price of the item, with the level of utility held constant.
When the price of an item declines, the substitution effect always leads to an increase in the quantity demanded of the good.
Income Effect – The income effect is the change in an item’s consumption brought about by the increase in purchasing power, with the price of the item held constant.
– – When a person’s income increases, the quantity demanded for the product may increase or decrease.
Even with inferior goods, the income effect is rarely large enough to outweigh the substitution effect.
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Clothing (units per month)
Income and Substitution Effects: Normal Good
When the price of food falls, consumption increases by F to B.
1 F 2
as the consumer moves from A
R C 1 C 2 A
Substitution Effect
F 1
Total Effect
D E S
The substitution effect,F (satisfaction) constant.
1 E,
(from point A to D), changes the relative prices but keeps real income
B
The income effect, EF prices constant but
2 ,
( from D to B) keeps relative increases purchasing power.
U 2 U 1 F 2
Income Effect
T
Food (units per month) 17
Income and Substitution Effects: Inferior Good
Clothing (units per month)
R B U 2
Since food is an inferior good, the income effect is negative. However, the substitution effect is larger than the income effect .
Substitution Effect
F 1
Total Effect
E S
Income Effect
F 2 U 1
Food (units per month) 18
Market Demand
• Price Elasticity of Demand – Measures the percentage change in the quantity demanded resulting from a percent change in price.
E P
% %
Q
P
Q/Q
P/P
Q
P P Q
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Market Demand
Inelastic Demand E p is less than 1 in absolute value Quantity demanded is unresponsive to a change in price % Q < % P relative Total expenditure (P*Q) increases when price increases 20
Market Demand
Elastic Demand E p is greater than than 1 in absolute value Quantity demanded is relative responsive to a change in price % Q > % P Total expenditure (P*Q) decreases when price increases 21
Price Elasticity of Demand
• Isoelastic Demand – When price elasticity of demand is constant along the entire demand curve – Demand curve is bowed inward (not linear) 22
Example
Domestic demand for wheat is given by the equation
Q DD
= 1430 – 55P where Q DD is the number of bushels (in millions) demanded domestically, and P is the price in dollars per bushel. Export demand is given by
Q DE
= 1470 − 70P where Q DE abroad.
is the number of bushels (in millions) demanded from To obtain the world demand for wheat, we set the left side of each demand equation equal to the quantity of wheat. We then add the right side of the equations, obtaining
Q DD
+ Q
DE
= (1430 − 55P) + (1470 − 70P) = 2900 − 125P 23
Consumer Surplus
• • Consumers buy goods because it makes them better off Consumer Surplus measures how much better off they are – – The difference between the maximum amount a consumer is willing to pay for a good and the amount actually paid.
Can calculate consumer surplus from the demand curve 24
Consumer Surplus
Price ($ per ticket) 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 Consumer Surplus for the Market Demand CS = ½ ($20 - $14)*(1600) = $19,500 Market Price Demand Curve 0 1 Actual Expenditure 2 3 4 5 6 Rock Concert Tickets 25
Empirical Estimation of Demand
• • Estimating Elasticities – For the demand equation: Q = a - bP Elasticity:
E P
(
Q
/
P
)(
P
/
Q
)
b
(
P
/
Q
) Assuming: Price & income elasticity are constant – The isoelastic demand = log(
Q
)
a
b
log(
P
)
c
log(
I
) The slope, -b = price elasticity of demand Constant, c = income elasticity of demand 26
Using the Raspberry data:
log(
Q
) 0 .
81 2 .
4 log(
P
) 1 .
46 log(
I
) Price elasticity = -0.24 (Inelastic) Income elasticity = 1.46
log(
Q
)
a
b
log(
P
)
b
2 log
P
2
c
log(
I
) • • Substitutes: b2 is positive Complements: b2 is negative 27
log(
Q GN
) 1 .
998 2 .
085 log(
P GN
) 0 .
62 log(
I
) 0 .
14 log(
P SW
) Price elasticity = -2.0
Income elasticity = 0.62
Cross elasticity = 0.14
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