Transcript Slide 1
APA Style: Citing Within the Text
The basics for IU Adult Education
graduate students.
Table of Contents
Required Information
Normal Format
Authors’ Names
Quoting Directly from a Source
Punctuation Rules
Citing Electronic Sources
Other Considerations
Citations and Plagiarism
More Examples
Required Information
APA style requires three kinds of information to be included
in in-text citations. This information must exactly match
the corresponding entry in the references list.
The author's last name must always be included.
The work's date of publication must always be included the
first time the citation is referred to in a paragraph. It can be
omitted in later citations within the same paragraph only and
only if that is the only work by that author cited in that
paragraph.
The page number appears only in a citation to a direct
quotation enclosed in quotation marks.
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Normal Format
Normal format for in-text citations:
(authorlastname, date) for single author works,
(firstauthorlastname & secondauthorlastname, date) for works
with two authors,
Example: (Smith & Jones, 2002)
(firstauthorlastname, secondauthorlastname, &
thirdauthorlastname, date) for works with three or more
authors the first time it is cited. Subsequent citations should
be formatted (firstauthorlastname, et al, date).
Example: (Smith, 2001)
Example: (Smith, Jones, Brown, & White, 2003) followed by
(Smith, et al., 2003)
If you have a work with 6 or more authors, use the first
author’s last name followed by “et al.” from the very first cite.
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Authors’ Names
If you use the authors name(s) in a sentence you must:
follow the names with the publication date in parentheses, and
you do not have to put any other citation in that sentence
unless it includes a direct quote
Example: Smith and Jones (1998) found that . . .
If you are referring to more than one source in a single
citation you must:
list them alphabetically within one set of parentheses, and
separate them with semi-colons
Example: (Adams, 1998; Hawthorne, 2003, Mays & Martin, 2000)
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Quoting Directly from a Source
Quoting directly from a source
If it is less than 40 words long it needs to be incorporated in the
text, enclosed in quotation marks, and followed by the
parenthetical citation including the page number.
Example: One example of situated cognition is the use of a cognitive
apprenticeship. An important part of a cognitive apprenticeship is
“selecting real-world situations or tasks that are grounded in learner
needs” (Merriam & Caffarella, 1999, p. 243).
If your direct quote is 40 words or more it must be set in a freestanding block of text and should NOT have quotation marks
around it. The text block should be indented 5 spaces, be
double-spaced, and be concluded with the appropriate citation.
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Punctuation Rules
Punctuation Rules
Punctuation marks, including periods, commas, and
semicolons, should be placed after the parenthetical citation.
Example: . . . tasks that are grounded in learner needs” (Merriam
& Caffarella, 1999, p. 243).
Question marks and exclamation points should be placed
inside the quotation marks if they are a part of the quotation
but outside the quotes if they are not.
Example: As even the authors question, “given the data, would it
really be appropriate in this situation?” (Smith & Mayer, 2003, p.
166).
Example: Where does that leave us, if “questions of context,
rationality, social action, and implementation are not as discrete as
presented” (Merriam & Caffarella, 1999, p. 338)?
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Citing Electronic Sources
You usually cite electronic sources just like print sources.
The main exceptions include:
if you are directly quoting from a web page or an article on a
web page that does not have page numbers you need to note
the paragraph number of the quote. If there are section
headings count the paragraphs below the nearest heading. If
there are no headings, count paragraphs from the top of the
page and precede the paragraph number with para. or ¶.
Example: “Educators need to expand their view of traditional
learning needs assessment and incorporate more diagnostic skills
(Daley, 1998, Conclusions and Implications section, ¶ 1)
If you are simply referring to a web site as an example of
something you may just put the url in parentheses following
the referring sentence and you do not have to include that
reference in you bibliography.
Example: The IUPUI website (www.iupui.edu) has many resources
for new students.
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Other Considerations
Citations within Quotations and Indirect Sources
If you are using a direct quote in which an author has cited
someone else you must leave that citation in where it appears.
You do NOT need to cite that embedded work on your
reference list.
Example: Peirce (2003) notes that “Bauer and Anderson (2000)
suggest using rubrics to assess content, expression, and
participation in online discussions” (p. 313).
If you are referring to an indirect source you need to use the
phrase “as cited in” when you cite it. An indirect source is
where you are quoting an author who was cited in another
author’s work. You should refer to the original author in your
text and then cite the second author in the citation and on
your reference page.
Example: Dewey states that “education must be reconceived . . .
as a continuous growth of the mind and a continuous illumination
of life. (as cited in Elias & Merriam, 1995, p. 55)
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Citations and Plagiarism
The Indiana University Code of Student Rights,
Responsibilities, and Conduct Part III, Student Misconduct,
Academic Misconduct, Plagiarism states that
“A student must not adopt or reproduce ideas, words, or
statements of another person without appropriate
acknowledgment. A student must give credit to the originality
of others and acknowledge an indebtedness whenever he or
she does any of the following:
1.
Quotes another person's actual words, either oral or written;
2.
Paraphrases another person's words, either oral or written;
3.
Uses another person's idea, opinion, or theory; or
4.
Borrows facts, statistics, or other illustrative material, unless the
information is common knowledge.”
Be safe, CITE IT!
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More Examples
Text:
Novak (1998) differentiates between concept maps, which he sees
as representing concepts and relationships between them as agreed
upon by experts in the field, and cognitive maps, which he sees as
representing the idiosyncratic cognitive structure of an individual
student.
Reference:
Novak, J. D. (1998). Learning, creating, and using knowledge: Concept
maps as facilitative tools in school and corporations. Mahwah, NJ:
Erlbaum.
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More Examples
Text:
Kreber (2001) offers several specific recommendations for faculty
development to encourage SoTL. The first of which is to “introduce
department-wide collaborative action research programs in which
professors and faculty developers explore teaching and learning in the
discipline” (p. 81).
Reference:
Kreber, C. (2001). The scholarship of teaching and its implementation
in faculty development and graduate education. In C. Kreber (Ed.)
Scholarship revisited: Perspectives on the scholarship of teaching.
San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
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More Examples
Text:
In addition, this case will be a part of a larger cross-case analysis
completed by multiple researchers who will serve as peer debriefers
throughout the process to clarify interpretations and explore potential
biases (Lincoln & Guba, 1985; Rossman & Rallis, 2003)
References:
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage.
Rossman, G. B. & Rallis, S. F. (2003). Learning in the field: An
introduction to qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
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