INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMNT IN BUCHAREST

AUTHORS

Nicolae Sdrula

1

, Sulfina Barbu

2 AFFILIATION 1-S.C.IPROCHIM S.A., 19-21 M.Eminescu Street, 010512- Bucharest 1, ROMANIA Tel.:021.6107985, Fax.:021.2102701,Email:[email protected]

2-Municipality of Bucharest, 47Regina Elisabeta Ave -Bucharest 5, ROMANIA Tel./fax: 021.3055524, Email: [email protected] Bucharest, 28-29 Sep. 2004

THE MAIN SOLID WASTE SOURCES

URBAN INDUSTRIAL CONSTRUCTION WATER TREATMENT Bucharest,28-29 Sep.2004

THE EXISTING COMPANIES DEALING WITH COLLECTING AND TRANSPORT OF WASTE

S.C.SUPERCOM S.A.

S.C.ROSAL SERVIS SRL S.C.REBU S.A.

S.C.RWE GEKO ROMANIA Ecologic Service SRL 1 2 6 3 5 4 S.C.REBU S.A.

S.C.MASOTI SRL S.C.URBAN S.A

S.C.REBU S.A

Bucharest, 28-29 Sep. 2004

BUCHAREST URBAN LANDFILL DISPOSAL LOCATION

CHIAJNA RUDENI - IRIDEX Deposit GLINA (Partial Deposit) VIDRA Deposit

Bucharest, 28-29 Sep. 2004

UK Calcutta, India

Vegetable Mater 21% Paper 29% Vegetable Mater 60% Metals 8% Plastics 7% Glass 10%

Onitsha, Nigeria

Ashes. Grit. Dust 25% Ashes. Grit. Dust 20% Metals 5% Paper 15% Other 3% Vegetable Mater 41% Ashes. Grit. Dust 50% Paper 3% Plastics 1% Glass 1% Metals 1%

Medellin, Colombia

Other 4% Ashes. Grit. Dust 10% Metals 1% Glass 2% Plastics 5% Vegetable Mater 56% Paper 22% Composition of municipal wastes in the UK. (2000), Calcutta (late 1999), Onitsha (late 1999) and Medellin (late 1999) Source: Cook and Kalbermatten, 1999; OEOD,1989

Bucharest, 28-29 Sep. 2004

Table 1. Quantities of solid waste generated in selected countries by source category. 2000 (10!!!3ta!!!-1) Region/Country Municipal Industrial Agriculture Mining/quarrying Sewage sludge NORTH AMERICA

Canada USA

ASIA

Japan Cyprus

EUROPE

Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxemburg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland UK

USSR OCEANIA

Australia New Zealand 16000 178000 41530 2052 3082 6773 2161 2000 15000 19378 2500 5500 93 1270 15000 190 7242 1970 7900 2246 10600 2650 2500 16700 10000 2106 61000 628000 312000 31000 8000 1317 15000 50000 55932 3904 101000 1580 35000 135 3942 2186 11200 5108 4000 50000 48000 1400000 90544 3 53000 6271 23200 399400 54237 22000 29830 100501 18500 107 47600 17000 250000 2300 910213 1300000 26017 190 466 7069 21872 452360 17700 60160 3454 3900 5200 1930 57000 162 9000 101400 3900 180000 28000 230000 500 8400 2003 1350 18 82 137 600 1591 570 11 250 70 10000 372 255 30000 45

Bucharest, 28-29 Sep. 2004

Demolition 8% Mining 12% Agriculture 44% Sewage sludge 14% Industrial 7% Municipal 6% Other 9%

Waste arising in EU member countries (late 2000); Source: EUROSTAT 2000 Bucharest, 28-29 Sep. 2004

COMPOSITION OF MUNICIPAL WASTES IN BUCHAREST 2002

•Urban organic waste…………………..51% •Paper and carton waste………………..11% •Plastic waste…………………………..10% •Metal waste……………………………05% •Glass waste…………………………….05% •Textile waste…………………………...05% •Other types of waste……………………13% Daily average municipal waste/person………0.6 Kg

MODEL OF EXISTING MANAGEMENT

SELECTIVE COLLECTING TO PRODUCER TO RAMP UNSORTED WASTE METALS Incineration NONMETALS AND ALLOYS ORGANIC MATTERS Paper / Carton Fermentation TO RECYCLING COMPANIES Baling Purification WALUABLE WASTE Wood/ Rubber Rubber Plastics Glass ROAD BITUM Hashing/ Granulation SLAG / ASH COMPOST PAPER INDUSTRY VALORIFICATION AGRICULTURE FLOWERS FERTILIZER Bucharest,28-29 Sep.2004

BUCHAREST URBAN LANDFILL DISPOSAL LOCATIONS

CHIAJNA RUDENI - IRIDEX Deposit GLINA (Partial Deposit) VIDRA Deposit

Bucharest,28-29 Sep.2004

DEPOSIT MAIN FIGURES

IRIDEX * VIDRA • •

COMMISIONING …year TOTAL SURFACE …ha 2000 2001 16.5(5 cells) 39(8 Cells)

•

CELL BULK CAPACITY… to 920,000 562,500

•

TOTAL DEPOSIT CAPACITY… to 4,600,000 4,500,000

•

EXPLOIT DURATION… years ( including post monitoring period) 20 20 *Informative price for deposit……………….7.15 USD/to

MANAGEMENT STRATEGY

•

REDUCTION OF WASTE BY :

•

Surcharge on excess bags, containers or household refuse

•

Incentive program for commercial/industrial reduction efforts

•

Reuse activities such as “ waste change” program

•

Public education and involvement (commitment and involvement of all citizens)

•

MATERIALS RECOVERY/RECYCLING

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RESOURCE RECOVERY - COMPOSTING

•

RESOURCE RECOVERY - INCINERATION

•

ULTIMATE DISPOSAL - LANDFILL Bucharest,28-29 Sep.2004

GENERAL RULES OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

1. COMPOSITON DEPENNDS ON A LOT OF VARIABLES SUCH AS :

•

URBANIZATION

•

COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISES

•

MANUFACTURING

•

SERVICE SECTOR ACTIVITIES 2. ATTITUDES OF PEOPLE(Waste management ethic, recycling ethic, litter ethic) 3. EACH COMMUNITY WILL CREATE ITS OWN “Best approach” TO DEALING WITH ITS WASTE 4. THE COMMUNITIES HAVE HOWEVER THE SAME ALTERNATIVES Bucharest, 28-29 Sep. 2004

CONVERSION ROUTES

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BIOLOGICAL

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Can be low-cost Can be simple to operate Suitable for distributed production

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THERMOCHEMICAL

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Usually complex/expensive Able to produce high quality synfuel Suitable for plant integration

THERMOCHEMICAL CONVERSION

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GASIFICATION

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Air-steam-oxygen Product gas Direct use or purification (e.g.Hydrogen via reforming)

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HIGH PRESSURE AQUEOUS

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Gasification, Pyrolysis, and Partial oxidation in supercritical conditions Hydrogen rich gas

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PYROLYSIS

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Inert Liquid product For gas conversion to gas turbine/combustion engine or

Landfill Site LANDFILL GAS Stages of Treatment Loaded gas High temperature combustion Degasification Unloaded gas Energy Utilization Gas engines Emissions Flue gas according to national regulations steam LEACHATE Energy center Sewage sludge Green material Catchment Technique Biology Reverse

osmosis

Evaporation Granulation 1% granulate residues Clean water loaded Drying Composting anaerobic digestion Process Technology unloaded Combustion Fertilizer Compost Energy Technique Bucharest,28-29 Sep.2004

AIR EMISSION LIMIT VALUES FOR INCINERATION Daily average values: -Total dust -Gaseous and vaporous organic substances, expressed astotal organic carbon 10 mg/m3 10 mg/m3 /Hydrogen chloride (HCl) /Dioxins and furans 10 mg/m3 /Hydrogen fluoride (HF) /Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 1 mg/m3 50 mg/m3 - /Nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)expressed as nitrogen dioxide for existing incinerationplants with a nominal capacity exceeding 6 tonnes per hour or new incineration plants 200 mg/m3 /Nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2),expressed as nitrogen dioxide for existing incinerationplants with a nominal capacity of 6 tonnes per hour or less 400 mg/m3 0,1 ng/m3

PET PRILLS CAN BE TURNED TO GOOD ACCOUNT TO OBTAIN: A

)

basic raw materials used for obtaining polyesters

The new procedure can be used for most of the products obtained from the polyester by obtaining raw materials that can be reused for the production at fibers, yarns, films or packages as well as polyesters obtained from petroleum B

)

Staple fibers and polyester filaments

In United States of America the procedure of using recycled PET bottles for obtaining polyester fibers and yarns is frequently used (abbot. 78% of the recovered wastes are converted into polymer, from which fibers and yarns are obtained).

C) Obtaining of car upholstery

Between 7 and 9 million spent cars are yearly available in the European Union. Now, the percentage of reused materials is of abbot. 75 % of their total mass. The remaining 25 % represent materials like: wastes of plastic, fabrics, glass and metals.

A great part of the fabrics and knit-ware are used as textile fabrics for car covers, the polyester representing the prevailing material (abbot. 90 %).

D) obtaining of PET bottles

The research and application of PET packages recycling technologies with their use in the food sector has in view both economic and ecological aspects. The recycled PET packages are especially used to obtain polyester fibers and technical yarns.

POSSIBILITIES OF RECYCLED PET BOTTLES

•

The highest quantity of different polymer bottles results from individual households.

•

Many countries have waste collecting programs that impose first preliminary sorting of this “recyclable”, that include as a role: glass packages, plastics, juice packs, aluminium cans, cardboard packages and other paper objects.

•

The recyclable materials ( PET ) are taken over and submitted to a technological process that consists in following phases:

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sorting drying recovery prilling melt filtration re-prilling washing separation glycolysis reaction finalization

THE PHASES OF THE RECYCLING PROCESS “BOTTLE FOR BOTTLE”

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decontamination;

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filtration;

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prilling;

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drying;

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crystallization;

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postpolycondensation in solid phase.

ECONOMIC FINANCIAL ANALYSIS The capacity of the recycling plant for the food grade PET bottles is of 10,000 t/year polyester prills.

The investment will be achieved within 1.5 years, being estimated to a value of 11,000 USD., out of which : equipment plants 3,090 thous. USD 600 thous. USD buildings working fund 750 thous. USD licence 950 thous. USD costs, etc.) other costs (commissions, tax, approvals, authorizations, sundries and unexpected 4,570 thous. USD 1,040 thous. USD

Incomes generated are of 1,100 USD/t PET, respectively 11,000 thous. USD/year.

Production costs are of 920.9 USD/t, and for the entire capacity of 9,209 thous. USD/year.

The plant will be linearly paid off within 10 years.

The personnel requirement for operation is 20 persons.

The profit from operation is of 1,791 thous. USD/year out of which the financial costs are deducted, thus obtaining the net profit. After the credit reimbursement period, the net profit is of 1,343 thuos. USD/year.

a) Dynamic indicators



Net present income (NPI) : 458 thous. USD

- meaning that the project has the capacity to reimburse the invested capital and to produce cash-flow in excess 

Investment profitability index : 1.042

- resulting from the comparison of the present cash-flow with the investment value 

Present incomes / present costs = 1.011

- indicating values of the present incomes higher than those of the present costs, meaning a favorable indicator

Internal rate of return (IRR): 23.2%

- indicating a very good economic efficiency of the project.

b) Total investment recoup from :

- gross profit : 5.1 years - net profit : 8.9 years

c) Other characteristic indicators

profitability rate rate of profit net profit profitability as against turnover net profit profitability as against costs breakeven threshold - after credit reimbursement labour productivity 19.4 % 16.3 % 12.4 % 62.6 % 10.4 % 550 thous. USD/man-y

Regional IWMS Design MUNICIPALITIES Debris Local Landfills LOCAL WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES Primary Maintenance Services Local Collection Systems for Mixed Waste Local Collection Systems for Bulky Waste Transferring of Mixed Waste Transferring of Bulky Waste (Sorting & Primary treatment) Local Collection Systems for Recyclable Materials Transferring of Recyclable Materials (Sorting & Primary treatment) REGIONAL WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES Vehicle & Machinery Maintenance System Mechanical Separation & Treatment – Composting & Energy Recovery Management of Bulky Waste REGIONAL RECYCLING FACILITIES Post treatment Sanitary Landfilling Sales of Recovered Materials

Inter-municipal organizations operate the local collection systems for mixed waste and recyclable materials.

A regional network of local waste management facilities, through which waste is transferred to the Central Processing Facilities (CPF):  recyclables are processed at the  regional Materials’ Recycling Facilities  (MRF),  mixed waste is processed at the  Mechanical Treatment & Composting  Plant (major products: compost, glass &  metals, RDF etc) Total recovery exceeds 70% of the initial inflow.

Sales’ revenues of the recovered materials (including energy production) are deducted from the IWMS’ operational costs.

Bucharest, 28-29 Sep. 2004

The supporting infrastructure co financed by the Cohesion Fund (2002-2004)

 Total budget (initial),2001) : € 13m  Contracts (March 2004) : € 11m  Deductions (March 2004) : € 2m (15%)  Expenditure (June 2002-April 2004) : € 4m  Expenditure during 2004 (forecast) : € 8m

Bucharest, 28-29 Sep. 2004

Recycling Facilities (2004-2006)

Additional EU funding is expected to be allocated to the IWMS of W. Macedonia in a few months from now.

Four MRFs to be constructed within the next to years in order to support the local recovery – at –source programs for paper, plastics, glass and metals.

The Mechanical Separation and Composting Plant is scheduled to be completed by 2007: recovery is expected to exceed 70% before the year 2010, resulting into local tax reduction and systems optimization.

The total budget for the materials recovery & treatment infrastructure is estimated at € 26 m until 2007. Private investment is expected to exceed € 10 m (energy recovery unit not included).

Landfills Restoration



Less than thirty dumps operate today in the region, a 90% reduction since 1999 …



Restoration cost is estimated at € 2m..



Restoration works are scheduled for the summer of 2005, a few months after the completion of the Regional Sanitary Landfill

Bucharest, 28-29 Sep. 2004

D A T A

H o u s e n o i d s I n d u s t r y T r a n s p o r t a t i o n E n e r g y P r o d u c t i o n M i n i n g A g r i c u l t u r e H o s p i t a l s R e g i s t e r e d W e i s t s D i s p o s a l f a c i l i t i e s E m i s s i o n m e a s u r e m e n t s E c o s y s t e m v u l n e r a b i l i t y R e g i s t e r e d m o v e m e n t s w a s t e P o p u l a t i o n E c o s y s t e m s W a t e r r e s o u r c e s

M O D E L S A N D I N F O R M A T I O N

H u m a n a c t i v i t i e s s c e n a r i o s C a l c u l a t i o n M o d e l s W a s t e t y p e g e n e r a t e d o f w a s t e b y a c t i v i t y g e o g r a p h i c o r i g i n D i s p o s e d w a s t e b y : t y p e o f w d i s p o s a l a s t e f a c i l i t i e s S e c o n d a r y m a t e r i a l r a w N o n t r e a t e d w a s t e s M o d e t r a n s f l e o f r e m a n d i s c i o n : h e m i c h a l t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s R i s k / I m p a e c o s y s t e m c t o n A s s e s s m e n t o f t r a n s p o r t e d w a s t e T r a n s p o r t e d w a s t e R i s k o f a c c i d e n t P a s t o t h e r i n d u s t r i a l a n d w a s t e g e n e r a t i n g a c t i v i t i e s P o p u l a t i o n E c o s y s t e m s W a t e r r e s o u r c e s A s s e s m e n t o f c o n t a m i n a t i o n P r o b l e m A r e a s

O B J E C T I V E S , T A R G E T S , A C T I O N S

P R I O R I T I E S A C T I F L O O W N S S O N A N D F O R W A S T E P R O D U C T D E S I G N I M P R O V E / E S T A B L I S H M A N A G E M E N T P L A N S R I S K R E G U L A T E O F T M R A A N N A G S P S E M E N T ; E O R C T U A R T I I T Y O N T A K E A C C P H Y S I C A L O U N T P L A N I N N I N G R i s k A r e a s P R I O R I T I E S F O R P R O G R A M M E S C L E A N U P

W a s t e m a n a t o g e m i m p l e n t e m I n f o r m e n t p o l i a t i c y o n a n d d a t a o b j e c t i v e s r e q u i r e d Bucharest, 28-29 Sep. 2004

GENERAL RULES OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

1.COMPOSITON DEPENNDS ON A LOT OF VARIABLES SUCH AS :

•

URBANIZATION

•

COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISES

•

MANUFACTURING

•

SERVICE SECTOR ACTIVITIES

2.ATTITUDES OF PEOPLE(Waste management ethic, recycling ethic, litter ethic) 3.EACH COMMUNITY WILL CREATE ITS OWN “Best approach” TO DEALING WITH ITS WASTE 4.THE COMMUNITIES HAVE HOWEVER THE SAME ALTERNATIVES

Bucharest,28-29 Sep.2004

GENERAL SCHEME OF INTEGRATED SOLID MANAGEMENT

WASTE PREVENTION RECYCLING COMPOSTING CHEMICAL CONVERSION LANDFILL DISPOSAL INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Bucharest,28-29 Sep.2004