Transcript No Slide Title

Volunteer Marine Rescue
TDM MF1007B
Apply First Aid
Session 4
 Burns.
 Inhalation Injuries.
 Heat & Cold.
 Bites & Stings.
 Poisons.
Burns
Burns are a type of soft tissue injury caused primarily by
heat.
Burns also can occur when the body is exposed to
certain chemicals, electricity extreme cold or solar and
other forms of radiation.
The severity of a burn depends upon:
 The temperature of the object or gas causing the burn.
 The length of exposure to the source.
 The location of the burn.
 The extent of the burn.
 The person’s age and medical condition.
Burns
Types of Burns
Burns are classified by the source, such as heat,
cold, chemicals, electricity or radiation.
They are also classified by depth. The deeper the
burn the more severe it is.
The three depth classifications are:
• Superficial (first degree).
• Partial thickness (second degree).
• Full thickness (third degree).
Burns
First Degree
A superficial burn involves only the top layer of skin. It is
usually red and dry, and the burn is usually painful. The
area may swell. Most sunburns are superficial burns.
They generally heal in five to six days without scarring.
Burns
Second Degree
A partial thickness burn involves both the epidermis and the
dermis. The injury is red and blisters may open and weep
clear fluid making the skin appear wet. These burns are
usually painful and the area often swells. They usually heal
in three to four weeks and some scarring may occur.
Burns
Third Degree
A full thickness burn destroys both layers of the skin as well as any or
all of the underlying structures – fat, muscles, bones, blood vessels
and nerves. Due to nerve damage there is very little pain. These burns
may take many months to heal and generally leave scar tissue.
Burns
The rule of 9’s
Adult
Child
Burns
Care for Burns
• Cool the burned area
• Cover the burned area
• Prevent infection
• Minimise shock
• Call an ambulance for serious burns
Burns
NO
Adhesive Dressings
NO
Ointments, Oils or Fat.
DO NOT
Break Blisters or remove
loose skin.
DO NOT
Remove material,
Bitumen, Toffee, Melted
Synthetic Fabric.
DO NOT
Apply Ice Directly to
Burns.
Inhalation and Chemical Burns
Signs and Symptoms
 Pain
 Obvious Signs Of Burns
 Singed Hair
 Respiratory Distress
 Loss Of Consciousness
 Signs Of Shock
Inhalation of Fumes
Inhalation of fumes may cause death through the
lack of oxygen or toxic effects on the lungs, which
can cause respiratory arrest.
These fumes may come from some of the following:
•
Solvents
•
Petroleum products
•
Smoke
•
Toxic gases and fumes
•
Carbon monoxide
Inhalation of Fumes
Symptoms and Signs
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Breathing difficulties.
Burns or stains around the mouth or nose.
Skin colour pale, cyanotic or turning cherry pink
Listlessness
Disorientation
Confusion
Symptoms and signs of shock
Collapse
Heat and Cold
The Body’s Reaction
Radiated Heat
Skin Surface
Blood Vessels
Hypothermia
What is Hypothermia
Hypothermia occurs when the body is unable to
generate enough heat to replace that being lost to the
environment and the core temperature drops below 350
C.
Hypothermia is a
MEDICAL EMERGENCY
Hypothermia
The effects of Hypothermia
37o
Normal Body Temperature
35o
Hypothermia Develops
33o
Cardiac Malfunction
30o
Unconscious
26o
Irreversible
Hypothermia
Signs and Symptoms
37o
Pale Skin
35o
Cold to Touch
Shivering
33o
Loss of Muscle Coordination
30o
Slurring of Speech
Behavioural Changes
26o
Slow Pulse / Respiration
Loss of Consciousness
Hypothermia
Risk Factors
Factors that may increase a person’s susceptibility to
hypothermia include:
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Infancy
Old age
Heart problems
Circulatory system disorders
A thin body or low body fat
Hunger
Fatigue
Alcohol
Cigarette smoking
Drugs
Dehydration
Physical exertion.
Hypothermia
First aid for all cases of hypothermia
These first aid tips apply to all stages of hypothermia:
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Don’t massage or rub the person.
Move the person out of the cold.
Remove wet clothing.
Try to warm the person.
Share body heat.
Don’t give alcohol.
Do not leave the person alone.
Continually monitor breathing.
Don’t assume the person is dead.
Seek medical aid.
Hypothermia
Prevention
Exposure to cold conditions, even for a short time, can
be dangerous if you are not prepared.
Shivering and feeling cold or numb are warning signs
that the body is losing too much heat.
Simple ways to prevent hypothermia include:
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Avoid prolonged exposure to cold weather.
Be alert to weather conditions
Use a weatherproof outer layer to stay dry.
Drink plenty of fluids.
Eat regularly.
Take regular breaks to reduce the risk of physical
fatigue.
• Avoid alcohol, cigarettes and caffeine.
Hypothermia
37o
35o
33o
30o
26o
Survival Times - Persons
of Average Build
Water
Survival
Temperature
Time
0 Deg C
45 minutes
9.5 deg C
11 deg C
14 deg C
2 to 3 hours
4 hours
6 hours
18 deg C
10 hours
Heat Escape Lessening Posture
Hyperthermia
44o
Unconsciousness – ( Coma / Death).
43o
Serious Cardiac Condition Begins
41.5o
Heat Stroke Begins – (Body stops Sweating).
39o
Heat Exhaustion Begins
(Body heats faster than it cools).
37.2o
Hyperthermic Condition Begins
Hyperthermia
Your Body is a Good Regulator of Heat
• Your body reacts to heat by circulating blood and
raising your skin's temperature. The excess heat
is then released through the skin by sweating.
• Physical activity can limit the amount of blood
that flows to the skin to release heat.
• Sweating can also maintain a stable body
temperature if the humidity level is low enough to
permit evaporation and if the fluids and salts you
lose are adequately replaced.
• When your body cannot release heat, it stores it.
This raises your core temperature and heart rate
putting your health at risk.
Hyperthermia
The Rising Temperatures
• As temperatures rise, so does the stress on your
body.
• Two critical actions can help you battle the heat.
– Acclimatising to the heat.
– Consumption of water.
• These two actions can help the most.
Hyperthermia
Interfering with the Regulator
• Many factors can cause unbalances in your
body’s ability to handle heat.
– Age
– Weight
– Fitness
– Medical condition
– Diet
Hyperthermia
Summer Heat
• Heat stress is a serious hazard in the workplace as well
as at home.
• Excessive heat can place an abnormal stress on your
body.
• When your body temperature rises even a few degrees
above normal (which is about 37.1 degrees Celsius)
you can experience
– muscle cramps
– become weak
– disoriented
– dangerously ill
Hyperthermia
Six Factors of Heat Stress
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Temperature
Humidity
Movement of Air or lack of air movement
The radiant temperature of the
surroundings
• Clothing
• Physical activity
Hyperthermia
Heat Stress-Early Sign of Trouble
• Heat Stress will reduce your work capacity
and efficiency
• Signs of heat stress include:
– Tiredness
– Irritability
– Inattention
– Muscular cramps.
Hyperthermia
Heat Stress-Early Sign of Trouble
If you are:
– Overweight
– Physically unfit
– Suffer from heart conditions
– Drink too much alcohol
– Are not used summer temperatures
You may be at greater risk of heat stress and should
seek and follow medical advice.
Hyperthermia
Heat Cramps- Beware
• May occur after prolonged exposure to heat
• They are the painful intermittent spasms of the
abdomen and other voluntary muscles
• Heat Cramps usually occur after heavy sweating
and may begin towards the end of the workday
Hyperthermia
Heat Cramps- First Aid
First aid for heat cramps will vary.
• The best care is:
– Rest
– Move to a cool environment
– Drink plenty of water- No soft drinks, Soda
Water, or Alcohol.
– Electrolyte fluids such as Gatorade may also
be used.
Heat Exhaustion
Time Running Out
May result from physical exertion in hot
environments.
Symptoms may include:
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Profuse sweating
Weakness
Paleness of the skin
Rapid pulse
Dizziness
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Nausea
Headache
Vomiting
Unconsciousness.
• The skin is cool and clammy with sweat. Body
temperature may be normal or subnormal.
Heat Exhaustion
What Happens
• Heat exhaustion develops when a person fails to
replace fluids and salt that are lost through
sweating.
• You may start to experience extreme weakness,
fatigue, giddiness, nausea or a headache as heat
exhaustion progresses.
Heat Exhaustion
First Aid
• Rest in the shade or cool place.
• Drink plenty of water (preferred) or electrolyte
fluids.
• Loosen clothing to allow the body to cool.
• Use cool wet rags too aid cooling.
Heat Stroke
You’re Out of Time
This is a serious medical condition that urgently
requires medical attention.
Sweating is diminished or absent, which makes the
skin hot and dry.
Body temperature is very high (410 C. and rising).
Heat Stroke
Signs and Symptoms
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Mental confusion
Delirium
Chills
Dizziness
Loss of
consciousness
• Convulsions or Coma.
• A body temperature of
40.50 C or higher.
• Hot, dry skin that may be
red, mottled or bluish.
• A strong fast pulse.
Heat Stroke
Rapid Response
• If you suspect someone is suffering
from heat stroke, call an ambulance
immediately
• Their condition will rapidly deteriorate
• You must provide care immediately
Heat Stroke
First Aid
• This is a Medical Emergency!!
• Brain damage and death are
possible
• Until medical help arrives, move
the victim from the heat and into a
cool place
Call 000
Heat Stroke
First Aid
• You must use extreme caution when
soaking clothing or applying water to a
victim. Shock may occur if done to
quickly or with water too cool.
• Soak his or her clothes with water and
use a fan or ice packs.
• Douse the body continuously with a cool
liquid and summon medical aid
immediately.
Heat Stress Index
The heat index table was developed by
the US Weather Service.
Heat Stress Index
Danger Category
Apparent Temperature
(Humiture)
Heat Syndrome
IV Extreme Danger
> 550
Heatstroke or Sunstroke imminent.
III Danger
40.50 - 550
Sunstroke, Heat Cramps & Heat
Exhaustion likely.
Heatstroke possible with prolonged
exposure & physical activity.
II Extreme Caution
320 - 40.50
Sunstroke, Heat Cramps & Heat
Exhaustion likely with prolonged
exposure & physical activity.
I Caution
26.50 - 320
Fatigue possible with prolonged
exposure & physical activity.
NOTE: When the air temperature is above 26.5 degrees C. and the relative
humidity is above 40% the temperature the body experiences is greater
than the air temperature.
Heat Stress Index
Bites & Stings
• Snake Bite (Land & Sea).
• Marine Stingers
• Spiders, Scorpion, Centipede & Ants
• Bush Ticks
• Bees & Wasps.
Bites & Stings
Pressure Immobilisation
• Snakes (Land & Sea).
• Box Jelly Fish – Also requires Vinegar application
• Cone Shell
• Funnel Web Spider
• Blue Ringed Octopus
• All Bites that cause an allergic reaction.
Pressure Bandage
D.R.S.A.B.C.D.
Rest and reassure person
Apply pressure bandage
From bite to toes or fingers
Then up to groin or armpit.
Remember
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Do not wash the bitten area
Do not remove the bandage
Do not elevate the limb
Do not walk, run to get help
Do not remove the bandage once applied
Cold Pack
(No Pressure Bandage)
Pain Relief
Use Ice Packs or Cold Water for 20 to 30 Minutes
These require Pressure Immobilisation Bandages
These Require HOT water treatment
REMEMBER
Casualty should test the temperature before application
Treatment for ticks
Remove a tick by twisting with tweezers.
If the person is allergic,
• Apply pressure immobilisation bandage
• Seek medical care without delay
Poisons
Poisons Enter the Body
Via
The Mouth
The Lungs
Injection
Absorption
Poisons
How Poisons Act
Poisons Attack the Central Nervous System
Poisons can act by Displacing Oxygen
Poisons damage Internal Organs
Poisons can Damage Cells
Poisons
Types of Poisons
• Household Poisons
• Poisonous Plants
• Food Poisoning
• Alcohol Poisoning
• Industrial poisoning
• Drugs
Poisons
Inhaled Poisons
Poisons may be inhaled from:
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Dust
Fumes
Mists
Vapours
Gases
Smoke
Aerosols
Poisons
Ingested Poisons
If it Burns Going Down
It will Burn Coming Up.
Poisons
Corrosive & Petroleum Based
Do Not induce
vomiting as
corrosive
substances could
burn the
oesophagus, throat
and mouth.
DO NOT induce vomiting
Instead give small
amounts of Milk
Seek Medical Aid
Poisons Information Centre
National
Phone: 131 126