Creativity Session
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Transcript Creativity Session
METADATA
as we know it:
MARC in context
An overview
Prepared by: Eva Bolkovac
As part of a staff training initiative
for the JDC/STOD/Cataloging Subcommittee
June 2006
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JDC/STOD/Cataloging
Subcommittee:
Chair: Marena Fisher
Core members since October 2005:
Kathryn Trotti
Eva Guggemos
Ana Amelia Contrastano
Additional members:
Joan Swanekamp
Shaundolyn Slaughter
Eva Bolkovac
Consultant: Stephen C. Jones, Chair of STOD
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Quote from an early Metadata
Practitioner, or is it déjà vu (all over again)
I can not help thinking that the golden age
of cataloging is over, and the difficulties
and discussions which have furnished an
innocent pleasure to so many will interest
them no more.
(Charles A. Cutter, published in 1904)
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Reference work relies on good
catalog records
“The work of the reference department covers
everything necessary to help the reader in
his inquiries, including … expert aid in the
use of the catalog.”
(Isadore Gilbert Mudge, 1936)
from Guide to reference books. 6th ed.
Chicago: American Library Association
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What does this mean for us?
Cataloging=Metadata
Metadata can be harvested automatically by
indexing robots
Metadata can be embedded in a digital object
Cataloging *is* a Public Service that increases
the usefulness of information, it aids “resource
description and discovery” metadata helps
people find the information they are looking
for
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What does this mean for us?
Cont.
Managing information (including access/rights
management), and the long-term preservation of
information (digital archiving)
Metadata is broader in scope than the traditional
role of the technical services librarian/Cataloger
Increased collaboration
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Cataloging=Metadata
When we catalog a book, a serial, a map, etc., we
describe that particular item using a metadata
standard, MARC21, together with other rules, like
AACR2. We create a catalog record.
The delivery platform, or mechanism for the
catalog record is the LMS, the Library
Management System (like our Orbis).
Cataloging requires special skills.
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Cataloging=Metadata
When we catalog digitized objects, an image of a picture, a
manuscript, a finding aid, etc., we describe that particular
item, using a metadata standard, DC, TEI, EAD, together
with other standards, perhaps AACR2 (or its future version
RDA). We create a metadata record.
The delivery platform, or mechanism for the metadata
record is the Web, or some other digital management
software. The LMS is not designed to deliver metadata
records on the web, it is MARC-based.
Cataloging requires special skills.
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Sounds similar?
Yes, traditional library cataloging is a form of
metadata, BUT THE DIFFERENCE IS IN
TECHNOLOGY!
The technical environment has completely changed
from the MARC-based system to the Internet, to Web
delivery, when applying non-MARC XML-based
metadata standards.
Cataloging principles remain very similar whether
applying the MARC21 metadata standard or other nonMARC metadata standards.
The new technology brings new sets of rules with itself.
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The library’s goal is:
To provide simultaneous access to its
traditional library collections as well as its
digital collections, in a seamless, integrated
manner [searching across multiple data
types and databases].
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If we didn’t catalog………….
For the user it would mean…………………
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Metadata chaos
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Metadata is:
A simple and classic definition: data about data or information about
information
More accurately: structured data or information about an information
resource
Used differently in different user communities according to their needs
Machine understandable information designed to be indexed and
retrieved on the Web –not by online catalogs
In libraries a formal scheme used to describe an object/resource
(including digital)
MARC21 *is* metadata (ISO 2709) - an international standard used
for bibliographic data in library catalogs. It can also be used to
describe digital objects (it has limitations)
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Metadata does:
Through cataloging – facilitates discovery
of relevant information
Facilitates interoperability
Facilitates resource discovery. Same as in a
quality catalog record!
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A metadata record is…
A file of information, usually presented as an
XML document
It captures the basic characteristics of a data or
information resource – structured data about data
(same concept as in a MARC catalog record)
Data elements are defined for a metadata record
by the rules of a particular standard that is applied
Created and maintained
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Different metadata standards for
different folks
DC – Dublin Core (ISO15386) :the “CIP” of the digital
world – simple
DC can be expressed in XML (RDF/XML) Resource
Description Framework
(RDF – a data model designed to integrate multiple
metadata schemes)
QDC – Qualified Dublin Core – more sophisticated than
simple DC
EAD – Encoded Archival Description created to display
finding aids on the web
TEI – Text Encoding Initiative for electronic text (Lite
version, too)
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Different metadata standards for
different folks cont..
MathML – Mathematical Markup Language (an
application of XML), represents mathematical
symbols and formulae
FGDC – Federal Geographic Data Committee -for
maps (although MARC can be used to describe a
map, it is not designed to convey complex
numeric information for GIS – Geographic
Information Systems - data sets)
Onix – Online Information Exchange for book
industry, bibliographic, trade used by publishers,
an international standard, XML based, libraries
may receive Onix records in the future
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Simple Dublin Core: DC (can be embedded
in the head of an HTML document)
The Simple Dublin Core Metadata Element Set (DCMES) consists of
15 metadata elements
Title
Creator
Subject
Description
Publisher
Contributor
Date
Type
Format
Identifier
Source
Language
Relation
Coverage
Rights
Each Dublin Core element is optional and may be repeated. The Dublin Core Metadata
Initiative (DCMI) has established standard ways to refine elements and encourage the use
of encoding and vocabulary schemes. There is no prescribed order in Dublin Core for
presenting or using the elements.
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Qualified Dublin Core: QDC
Refines the 15 DC elements, making them more specific
Some of these are:
Title refinement: Alternative
Date refinement: Created
Date.Issued
Date.Modified
Format.Extent
Relation refined: Is Version Of
Is Part Of
Is Format Of
QDC includes recommended encoding schemes which
help in the interpretation of the element value (eg LCSH)
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XML – Extensible Markup
Language
Is not a metadata format itself, but can be used to express
metadata formats
a language container: a ‘metalanguage’
a W3C – WWW Consortium standard
XML tags have no predefined meaning.
XML is a syntax for data structure standard creation
A flexible text format, important for data exchange on the
Web
Unlike HTML it does not specify how to display data on
the Web (bold, color, etc). That is done through XSLT –
Extensive Stylesheet Language transformations.
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Example of a simple XML record
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1" ?>
<!-- Edited with XML Spy v2006
(http://www.altova.com) -->
<note>
<to>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
<heading>Reminder</heading>
<body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body>
</note>
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Same XML record with an error
The XML record is transformed using XSLT –
a stylesheet language for XML - to display
it on the Web. The record has to be well
formed and has to be validated, otherwise it
can’t be displayed….
http://www.w3schools.com/xml/note_error.x
ml
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Mappings and crosswalks between
metadata formats
Crosswalks facilitate moving metadata from one scheme to another;
mapping of the data elements, semantics, and syntax.
They facilitate interoperability and exchange of metadata.
Like translating from one language to another
Examples at :
http://www.oclc.org/research/projects/mswitch/1_crosswalks.htm
and http://www.loc.gov/marc/marcdocz.html
Difficulties betweens crosswalks of different metadata formats (field
definitions)
Best practices for standardized records
http://oai-best.comm.nsdl.org/cgi-bin/wiki.pl?CrosswalkingLogic
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One size does not fit all
No single standard is suitable for all
purposes
Proliferation of standards
Obvious advantages exist to having a single
standard for cataloging both digital and
non-digital materials
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Searching empowered by
metadata
Through analysis of resource content
Appropriate thesauri
Designated fields for data exchange and
migration
Richer than keyword
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METADATA TYPES:
Descriptive (such as author, title, abstract); it is the most
standardized -- MARC, MODS, DC
Structural (such as how resource is put together, pages,
chapters) –METS (Metadata Encoding and Transmission
Standard), XML
Administrative (such as technical information, file type,
track history of creation and changes, access/rights
management and intellectual property, preservation
metadata to archive the resource) –ERMI (Electronic
Resource Management Initiative), PREMIS (PREservation
Metadata Implementation Strategies)
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Descriptive metadata type/format:
MARC21
Machine Readable Cataloging record, an international
communication standard, ISO 2709
Originally designed in the late 1960’s to aid in the transfer
of bibliographic data onto magnetic tape, and to replace the
printed catalog cards with electronic form
MARC is not a cataloging code
A carrier for bibliographic information, such as titles,
names, subjects, notes, publication information, and
physical descriptions of objects
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MARC21
Standard for exchanging bibliographic,
holdings and other data between libraries.
Allows for data elements for different types
of material: a foundation that most library
catalogs are built on.
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Catalog this! Using MARC21
formats!
Books
Continuing resources (serials)
Integrating resources
Maps
Music (scores)
Sound recordings
Visual materials
Electronic resources
Mixed materials
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Levels of description: full,
minimal and in-between
Describe a book
Describe a collection, a whole set, separate
volumes in the set
Describe a photograph
Describe a chapter in a book
Describe a video
Describe an electronic resource, a digital object
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Describing information on the
web:
MARC is designed for use in library catalogs, by
automated library systems, not for use on the web
MARC can be transformed to be displayed on the
web: MARCXML, MODS
To describe other objects on the web: use Dublin
Core metadata standard, use XML, use TEI for
text, EAD for digital finding aids, etc
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MARCXML
A framework for working with MARC data in an
XML environment
Complete MARC record is represented in XML,
no loss of data
Can convert back to MARC easily, no loss of data
All MARC formats (book, map, music, etc) are
supported
Customizable for local solutions
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MARC record
LDR 01281cam 2200337 a 4500
001 ocm25508902\
003 OCoLC
005 20060530010502.0
008 920219s1993\\\\caua\\\j\\\\\\000\0\eng\\
010 \\$a 92005291
040 \\$aDLC$cDLC$dOCLCQ$dBAKER
020 \\$a0152038655 :$c{dollar}15.95042 \\$alcac
050 00$aPS3537.A618$bA88 1993
082 00$a811/.52$220
049 \\$aYUSS
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MARC record continued
100 1\$a Sandburg, Carl,$d1878-1967.
245 10$a Arithmetic /$cCarl Sandburg ; illustrated as an
anamorphic adventure by Ted Rand.
250 \\$a 1st ed.
260 \\$a San Diego :$bHarcourt Brace Jovanovich,$cc1993.
300 \\$a 1 v. (unpaged) :$bill. (some col.) ;$c26 cm.
500 \\$a One Mylar sheet included in pocket.
520 \\$a A poem about numbers and their characteristics.
Features anamorphic, or distorted, drawings which can be
restored to normal by viewing from a particular angle or by
viewing the image's reflection in the provided Mylar cone.
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End of MARC record…
650 \0$a Arithmetic $vJuvenile poetry.
650 \0$a Children's poetry, American.
650 \1$a Arithmetic $vPoetry.
650 \1$a American poetry.
650 \1$a Arithmetic $v Poetry.
650 \1$a American poetry.
650 \1$a Visual perception.
7001\$a Rand, Ted, $e ill.
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MARCXML: Example
Where MARC exists within the world of XML
-XML - just a different way of encoding MARC
Tags are preserved in their semantics
1:1 mapping
No loss of data during conversion
Extensible – can be customized
http://www.loc.gov/standards/marcxml/Sandburg/s
andburg.xml
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MODS: Metadata Objects
Description Schema
XML-based descriptive metadata standard
A subset of data elements are derived from
MARC21, uses language-based tags
Highly compatible with MARC21, (but not a
MARC replacement)
Richer than Dublin Core
Uses natural language tags rather than numeric
tags
Accommodates special requirements for digital
resources
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MARC limitations in the digital
environment
Lack of expandability due to rigorous record
formats (goes back to the production of printed
card catalog cards)
Weaknesses in describing bibliographic attributes
of digitized resources
Incompatible with other MARC formats
Bibliographic relationships are not easily
represented
Can’t be processed directly by web applications
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So, is MARC still needed? YES!
But it’s one of the metadata standards we
can use – not the only one
OPAC is not necessarily the “center of
discovery”
Can be retooled, repurposed, transformed…
Still the best way to describe resources for
discovery, identification and retrieval in
traditional library catalogs (like Voyager)
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MARC21 standards:
MARC21 Format for Bibliographic Data
MARC21 Format for Authority Data
MARC21 Format for Holdings Data
MARC21 Format for Classification Data
MARC21 Format for Community Data
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Bibliographic record type:
A carrier primarily for bibliographic
information about printed or manuscript
textual materials, maps, music, serials,
visual materials, electronic resources
..or any source of information which can be
represented in a catalog record
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Authority records:
Are a carrier for information concerning the
authorized forms of names, titles, subjects
(and subject divisions) to be used in
constructing ACCESS POINTS
Describe names and terms which need to be
standardized for optimal retrieval of data
Include personal, corporate, geographic
names and controlled vocabularies
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Value of Authority control
Most efficient and effective mechanism for
optimal retrieval of information
Without authority control, access to
information can be severely compromised
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Holdings records:
1.
2.
3.
Are a carrier for holdings information for three
types of bibliographic items:
Single-part
Multipart
Serial (may include copy-specific information,
information needed for local processing,
maintenance, preservation or version
information)
Indicate the number and locations of copies of a
resource cataloged in the bibliographic record
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Classification records:
A carrier for information about
classification numbers and the captions
associated with them that are formulated
according to a specific authoritative
classification scheme
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Community Information records:
A carrier for descriptions of nonbibliographic resources that fulfill the
information needs of a community.
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MARC
In the beginning different flavors….MARC,
USMARC, CANMARC, UKMARC,
AUSMARC…harmonization MARC21
Information is stored in a consistent form
Data is manipulated by a computer
Allows for communication between systems
Accommodates extensive data elements
A highly complex communication or data structure
standard that provides concise data management
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MARC has three components:
1.
2.
3.
Record structure (based ISO2709 and ANSI
Z39.2)
Content designation – these are the codes used
to tag elements of data within a MARC record
Data content of a record – the object we are
coding, a book, a map, etc. according to data
formatting standards (AACR, LCSH, LC
Classification, DDC, etc.)
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MARC supporting documentation
Character sets:
- MARC-8 (8-bit encoding)
- UCS/UNICODE UTF-8 (8/16 bit encoding)
- 15,000+ characters
- Latin, Cyrillic, Hebrew, Arabic, CJK
Code lists: countries, geographical, languages,
sources, relators
http://www.loc.gov/marc/specifications/
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We’ve got standards!
Standards are: a set of rules and guidelines that provide a
common framework
Aid interoperability
ISO – International Organization for Standardization and
NISO, W3C, DLF – Digital Library Federation: METS –
Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard: OAI –
Open Archives Initiative
ISBN, ISSN, ISMN (music) are ISO standards
ISO/IEC 11179 – IT Metadata Registries (MDR)
ISO 2709 Format for information exchange
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Cataloging standards
Content standards: AACR (Anglo-American Cataloging
Rules) –now in it’s 2nd ed. (AACR2)
An international data content standard used by approx. 56
countries around the world for all types of materials
collected by libraries. It standardizes the use of MARC
Cataloging rules have gone through many iterations
responding to changing needs, first ed. In 1967, 1978 2nd
ed.
Rules in AACR2 cover the description of library materials
and also the provision of access points
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Change is the only constant…
RDA – Resource Description and Access (not AACR3)
“RDA is being developed as a new standard for resource description
and access designed for the digital world” – JSC – to be published in
2007
Will cover all types of content and media
Aligned with FRBR – a conceptual model for how bibliographic
databases might be structured (Functional Requirement for
Bibliographic Records) and FRAR (Functional Requirement for
Authority Records)
FRBR identifies and defines: (1) entities of interest to users of
bibliographic records; (2) their attributes; and (3) the relationships that
operate between them; work (intellectual) being the top hierarchy, then
expression, manifestation, and the item
Separates recording of data and the presentation of data
http://www.collectionscanada.ca/jsc/rdaprospectus.html#1
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Some other content standards
DACS - Describing Archives: A Content Standard –
(replaces APPM- Archives, Personal Papers, and
Manuscripts ). DACS extends Ch. 4 of AACR2.
-- Specific rules for describing archives and illustrates how
these rules might be implemented in MARC and EAD
format. It includes crosswalks to these and other
standards.
-- can be used to describe archival materials at any level of
specificity, from the collection to the item level.
DCRB – Descriptive Cataloging of Rare Books
(concordance of rules between DCRB and AACR2)
FGDC Content standard
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ISBD standard
International Standard Bibliographic Descriptions
standard - specifies the requirements (a set of
rules) for description and identification of
information resources
These rules organize the bibliographic description
of an item in Areas such as: title, statement of
responsibility, edition, publication, physical
description, series, notes, standard numbers
(ISBN, ISSN)
It is sequential: title must come first, then author..
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ISBD punctuation
Cataloging rules dictate it
Space / space precedes statement of
responsibility, $c in title info (tagged 245)
245 04$aThe plays of Oscar Wilde /$cAlan Bird.
(space before $c is system supplied in many software programs)
Limited space originally on 3x5 catalog cards,
ISBD was governed by saving space
These rules are still useful for computer screen
displays
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Classification standards
Systems of organizing and coding library
materials according to their related subject matters
Taxonomic classification – placing the object into
a category or a subject index,
List of subject headings – controlled vocabularies
eg, LCSH – an integral part of bibliographic
control and improved searching accuracy
Classification schemes - eg LC, DDC
Assignment of a class number (according to rules)
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Library Management Systems
also called Integrated Library Systems
Built on Database technology (Oracle RDBMS - relational database:
all data is stored and retrieved based on relations); and GUI (Graphical
User Interface: displays windows, icons through a web browser, )
technology
Based on MARC, built on standards, utilizes the MARC format for
storage of data
Keep track of library materials
Have different clients, or modules: Acquisitions, Cataloging,
Circulation (keeps track of overdue books), OPAC
Through OPAC can reserve copies online through a web interface
Endeavor:Voyager is an example – other major ones: Ex Libris:Aleph,
Innovative: Millennium, Koha ILS, the only open source library
software available (http://www.koha.org)
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MARC: the pillar of the
bibliographic record
Computers can interpret the data in the
catalog record
Cataloging staff create and edit MARC
records
Other staff working with MARC21 records
need to know how to read, understand, use
and interpret the MARC record.
Different kinds of bibliographic records
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Cataloging – where it all comes together:
deciding exactly what it is we are cataloging
Searching locally and the utilities for copy – no match:
create original record
Analyzing the resource
Using AACR we determine the information we have to
provide for the type of material we are cataloging
Subject analysis and classification
Bibliographic control
Coding information into the format required by the MARC
standards
(no surprise! If we didn’t code it, you won’t find it!)
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Copy Cataloging or adaptive
cataloging:
Searching for copy
Finding exact match – still might want to edit
No exact match, but variant copy – clone record
(different edition, etc) – remove all information
that does not apply to your resource in hand
Follow rules and local procedures for editing
(If you didn’t add it, you won’t find it!)
http://www.library.yale.edu/cataloging/
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Input standards
LC has its established input standard for entering
bibliographic data in MARC records – Yale
practice is to follow LC (in most cases)
OCLC also has its own input standard if using
OCLC to directly input records
Complicated by the varying levels of
completeness (fullest, brief, etc) of the record
LC:
http://lcweb.loc.gov/marc/bibliographic/nlr
OCLC: http://oclc.org/oclc/bib/fchap2.htm
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Knowledge of MARC tells you:
What
data elements your database
contains
How they are indexed – if at all
How they can be searched
How they are displayed – if at all
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MARC record format:
Leader: first 24 characters of the record, defines parameters
for processing the record
Directory: entries that contain the tag used in variable fields,
they are constructed by the computer from the
bibliographic record. In communication format the fields
are not preceded by tags.
Variable field: variable control field: 00X, fixed length data
elements, and variable data field: indicators and subfield
codes
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The raw MARC record
01041cam 2200265 a 450000100200000000300040002000
50017000240080041000410100024000820200025001060200
04400131040001800175050002400193082001800217100003
20023524500870026724600360035425000120039026000370
04023000029004395000042004685200220005106500033007
30650001200763^###89048230#/AC/r91^DLC^19911106082
810.9^891101s1990####maua###j######000#0#eng##^##$
a###89048230#/AC/r91^##$a0316107514 :$c$12.95^##$a
0316107506 (pbk.) :$c$5.95 ($6.95 Can.)^##$aDLC$cD
LC$dDLC^00$aGV943.25$b.B74 1990^00$a796.334/2$220^
10$aBrenner, Richard J.,$d1941-^10$aMake the team. $pSoccer :$ba
heads up guide to super soccer! /$cR ichard J. Brenner.^30$aHeads up
guide to super soc cer.^##$a1st ed.^##$aBoston :$bLittle,
Brown,$cc19 90.^##$a127 p. :$bill. ;$c19 cm.^##$a"A Sports ill
ustrated for kids book."^##$aInstructions for impr oving soccer skills.
Discusses dribbling, heading, playmaking, defense, conditioning,
mental attitud e, how to handle problems with coaches, parents, a nd
other players, and the history of soccer.^#0$aS occer$vJuvenile
literature.^#1$aSoccer.^\
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The Leader:
24 positions from 00 to 23 that provides
information to the computer for the
processing of the record.
http://www.loc.gov/marc/bibliographic/ecbdld
rd.html
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Leader: Encoding level 00/17
example
Blank (#) Full level – LC standard
1
Full level material not examined
2
Less than full level, material not examined
3
abbreviated level
4
core level
5
partial (preliminary) level
7
minimal level
8
prepublication level (CIP)
u
unknown
z
not applicable
I
Full level – OCLC standard
K
Minimal level – OCLC standard
Codes indicate the fullness of the bibliographic information in the record.
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Parts of a MARC record
Fields
and tags
Indicators
Delimiters
Fixed fields
Variable fields
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Fields subfields and delimiters:
Fields – can be mandatory, required if applicable or optional
Can also be repeatable (subfields also)
Subfields are marked by subfield codes and delimiters (the smallest
logical units in a variable field) organize the information within a
given field – eg. 245 00 $a Money : $b a necessary evil – where $b
represents the subtitle. Subfields codes are letters or numbers (eg. 650
$2 example: $2 Source of heading or term: 650 \7
Subfields are specific to each type of field and are controlled by
content standards
delimiters can be represented by different characters: double dagger, a
$, a # sign
Each field is represented by a 3-digit tag, which identifies the field –
eg 245 represents the title information
OPAC labels display names of the field – they are customizable
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Indicators
Each tag is followed by two indicators, their
values may range from 0-9
Some fields use both indicators
Some fields use one character position only
Some fields use none, the position is blank
and is “undefined”
Supply information about the field for
indexing
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Functions of Indicators
Nonfiling characters - 245 04 $a The Adventures of Safety Frog. $p
Fire safety $h [videorecording] / $c Century 21 Video, Inc. VERY
IMPORTANT!
Control of notes and added entries - 246 30 $a Fire safety $h
[videorecording]
http://www.loc.gov/marc/bibliographic/ecbdtils.html#mrcb246
Display constant control – eg. first indicator display a note or not
http://www.loc.gov/marc/bibliographic/ecbdnot1.html#mrcb511
Source of information/thesaurus – eg. LCSH 650 \0 if limit by
searching only LCSH
Further qualification of field content
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Control fields 001-006
http://www.loc.gov/marc/bibliographic/ecbdcntr.html
005 – system created, can tell you date and time
record was last saved, down to a tenth of a second
– you can see if you saved it recently or not
Note that each 006 represents a material type (tabs
in Voyager)
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007 - Physical Description Fixed
Field:
Contains special information about the
physical characteristics in a coded form.
The information may represent the whole
item or parts of an item such as
accompanying material
http://www.loc.gov/marc/bibliographic/ecbd0
07s.html
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007 example (from OCLC
manual):
For example, you are cataloging a kit that has: 25 activity cards, 60
artifacts, 3 books, 3 filmstrips, 1 learning guide, 25 study prints, 2
sound cassettes and 14 transparencies. The activity cards, filmstrips,
study prints and transparencies share the same physical characteristics,
respectively.
Use a separate 007 field for each group of materials (i.e., an 007 for the
25 activity cards, an 007 for the 3 filmstrips, etc.). Since the sound
cassettes are not associated with projected material, use a separate 007
field for the sound cassettes.
007k ‡b o ‡d c ‡e o007g ‡b o ‡d u ‡e j ‡h f007k ‡b f ‡d m ‡e o ‡f c
007s ‡b s ‡d l ‡e u ‡f n ‡g j ‡h l ‡i c ‡n e007g ‡b t ‡d c ‡e j ‡h v
300 25 activity cards, 60 artifacts, 3 books, 3 filmstrips, 1 learning
guide, 25 study prints, 2 sound cassettes, 14 transparencies; ‡c in
container 30 x 25 x 13 cm.
http://www.oclc.org/bibformats/en/0xx/default.shtm
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008 – Fixed-length data elements
Otherwise known as the “Fixed Field Codes”
Contains 40 character positions (00-39) that provide coded
information about the record as a whole and about special
bibliographic aspects of the item being cataloged. These
coded data elements are potentially useful for retrieval and
data management purposes.
http://www.loc.gov/marc/bibliographic/ecbd008s.html
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Example of 008 field in OCLC:
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Same 008 display (fixed field)
in Voyager:
Bib#6629379
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Fixed fields are used in “limits” of
the OPAC
Limit feature allows users to restrict results of their
searches by:
Language (character position 35-37)
Collection
Date
Medium
Item Type
(note:”More limits” must be set BEFORE entering search
terms)
http://www.library.yale.edu/
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01X-04X – Number and code
fields
010-048
010 – LC Control Number or LCCN, since 2001
‘normalized’, pre-2001 had prefixes, like sn89-4567 now
entered as $a sn89004567. Invalid LCCNs are entered in
$z of the 010 field.
020 – ISBN
022 – ISSN
024 – Other standard identifiers, like a UPC: Universal
Product Code barcode
028 – Publisher number, (identifies videorecordings,
printed music, sound recordings, etc)
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01X-04X – Number and code
fields cont…
035 – System control number, like OCLC $a
(OCoLC)12345678 (8 digits)
037 – Source of Acquisition (mostly used for subscription
information for serials)
040 – Cataloging source – MARC code that identifies the
institution that created the record in $a YUS, $c that input
record, $d edited the record.
041 – Language codes, when 008 is not enough, for more
than one language: eg. $aeng$afre$ager
Note 546 field for the user: Text is in English, French and
German.
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01X-04X – Number and code
fields
046 – Special code dates, information that can’t be
recorded in 008 Dates, for example a corrected date
047 – Form of musical composition code for printed or
manuscript music, or sound recording when one code
doesn’t express the work, 008 18/19: Comp: mu and 047
$a or $a ct (both oratorio and cantata)
049 – Local holdings field, OCLC uses for institution code
of the library, copy holdings, volume, part, year
designation. – OCLC recon example
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05X-09X – Classification and call
number fields
050- Library of Congress call number (LC)
082 – Dewey Decimal Classification number
(DDC)
090 – Locally assigned LC-type call number
092 - Locally assigned Dewey call number
096 - Locally assigned NLM-type call number
098 – Other type class number
099 – Local free text call number
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MARC21 Variable Fields
by tag groups
00X Control information, numbers, codes
0XX Variable fields, general information
1XX Main entry
2XX Titles, edition, imprint, publication
3XX Physical description
4XX Series statement (as on item)
5XX Notes
6XX Subject entries
7XX Added entries other than subject or series
8XX Series added entries (authoritative forms)
9XX Local use fields
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Access points or headings –
under authority control:
1XX - Main entry
4XX - Series statement (as on item)
6XX – Subject entries
7XX - Added entries other than subject or
series
8XX - Series added entries (authoritative
forms)
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Parallel tag construction:
X00 – Personal names: 100, 600, 700, 800
X10 – Corporate names: 110, 610, 710, 810
X11 – Conference names: 111, 611, 711, 811
X30 – Uniform titles: 630, 730, 830
(An OPAC personal name search will find
100, 600, 700, 800 through indexes set up)
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1XX fields – 100, 110, 111, 130
Main entry fields (headings) for the resource being
cataloged, constructed according to rules in
AACR2
Not repeatable
First indicators have important meanings
Second indicator undefined
Have subfields
Source of information is important
http://www.loc.gov/marc/bibliographic/ecbdmain.ht
ml
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X00 fields – 100, 600, 700, 800
First indicator specifies type of name:
0=forename
1=surname
3=family name
Second indicator is undefined
List of subfield codes allowed listed under
each field
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1XX examples:
Personal name:
100 1# $a Gregory, Ruth W.
$q (Ruth Wilhelme),
$d 1910Corporate name:
110 2# $a Yale University.
$b Library.
Meeting name:
111 2#
$a International Conference on Dublin Core and Metadata for e-Communities
$d (2002 :
$c Florence, Italy)
Uniform title main entry:
130 0# $a Bible.
$p O.T.
$p Psalms.
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110 authority record
LC Control Number:n 80008747 HEADING:Yale University. Library
00000690cz a2200193n 450
0012364985
00520000509033916.0
008800128n| acannaab |a ana
010__ |a n 80008747
035__ |a (DLC)n 80008747
040__ |a DLC |c DLC |d DLC |d CtY
1102_ |a Yale University. |b Library
4102_ |a Sterling Memorial Library
4102_ |a Yale University. |b Sterling Memorial Library
5102_ |w a |a Yale College (1718-1887). |b Library
670__ |a The Encouragers of the art of printing, 1966: |b p. 4 (Sterling Memorial Library at Yale
University)
675__ |a Yale Col. Library. Catalogue of books in the Library of Yale-College, New-Haven, 1791.
952__ |a RETRO
953__ |a xx00 |b ba30
http://www.loc.gov/marc/
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240 – Uniform title
The uniform title for an item when the
bibliographic description is entered under a
main entry field that contains a personal
(field 100), corporate (110), or meeting
(111) name.
http://www.loc.gov/marc/bibliographic/ecbdtil
s.html#mrcb240
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245 – Title statement
Mandatory
Not repeatable
Indicators are important for indexing
If 1XX present: first indicator set to 1
If no 1XX present: first indicator set to 0
Order of subfields – important
Examples:
245 00$a[Man smoking at window].
245 03$aLe Bureau$h[filmstrip] =$bLa Oficina DasBüro.
245 10$aStatistics :$bfacts or fiction
245 04$aThe Year book of general medicine.(bib#3527893)
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246 – Varying form of title
A form of the title appearing on different parts of
an item or a portion of the title proper, or an
alternative form of the title when the form differs
significantly from the title contained in field 245
Required if applicable
Repeatable
Indicators important in indexing
http://www.loc.gov/marc/bibliographic/ecbdtils.html
#mrcb246
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247 – Former title in pre-AACR2
records
In Latest entry serial records, where current
title is in 245 and each former title is
entered in a separate 247 fields
247 is also used by Conser (Module 31) for
Remote Access Electronic Serials (Online
serials)
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250 – Edition statement
Information relating to the edition of a work as
determined by applicable cataloging rules.
Example: 250 // 2nd ed.
250// Canadian ed. =$bÉd. canadienne.
Use abbreviations from Appendix B. and numbers
from App. C of AACR2
Can supply (add edition in brackets if not on
piece, but obvious).
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260 – Publication, distribution,
etc. (Imprint)
Contains publication, printing, distribution, issue, release,
or production information of a resource.
Names as they appear (without prepositions)
Name of publisher – 260 $b is not under authority control,
in OPAC use a keyword search
Scribner’s
C. Scribner’s Sons
Chas. Scribner’s Sons
Charles Scribner’s Sons –BUT if added entry exists for the
publisher: 710 20 $a Chas. Scribner’s Sons, it is under
bibliographic control. (610 if item is about this publisher)
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270 - Address
Contains an address (as well as electronic
access data such as telephone, fax, etc,
associated with the bibliographic item.
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3XX – Physical description, etc.
http://www.loc.gov/marc/bibliographic/ecbdphys.ht
ml
Most frequently used for print:
300 – Physical description
SERIALS:
310 – Current frequency for serials
321 – Former frequency
362 – Dates or sequential designation (indicators:
formatted, unformatted notes; relationship with
dates in fixed fields: Example:
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4XX - Series statement fields:
http://www.loc.gov/marc/bibliographic/ecbdsers.htm
l
Separate works but related by a common
collective title or topic, issued together in a group
by publishers
Classed together or classed separately
Series traced or not
490 relationship with 8XX
Recent LC practice controversy….stay tuned!
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5XX - Notes area
Use notes from any part of the resource
Prescribed order of notes
Can be very useful in distinguishing records
590 is used for local notes
http://www.loc.gov/marc/bibliographic/ecbdn
ot1.html
Some note fields ‘pair up’ with other fields,
eg 041 + 546; 580+78X;
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6XX - Subject Access fields
600 – Personal name subject added entry
610 – Corporate name subject added entry
611 – Meeting name subject added entry
630 – Uniform title subject added entry
650 – Topical term subject added entry
651 – Geographic name subject added entry
655 – Genre/Form subject added entry
69X – locally defined (eg. 692 in Beinecke: 692
14 |a Duru, Hippolyte, |d d. 1884 |x Binding.)
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70X-75X - Added entry fields
Contain a name and/or title or a term that provides
access to a bibliographic record that is not
provided through main entry (1XX), subject
access (6XX), series statement (4XX), series
added entry (8XX), or title (20X-24X) fields. The
roman numeral and the word Title: that precede an
added entry field in some displays are not carried
in the MARC record. They may be generated
based on the field tag.
Most often used: 700, 710, 711, 730, 740
controlled fields (but 720 is uncontrolled name)
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76X-78X - Linking entry fields
Contain information that identifies other related
bibliographic items. Each of the linking entry
fields specifies a different relationship between the
target item described in the record and a related
item.
http://www.loc.gov/marc/bibliographic/ecbdlink.htm
l
Many used for serials, some also for e-resources
As with other fields, the coding of indicators and
subfields are important!
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8XX -Series added entries
fields
Fields 800-830 contain a name/title or a title
used as a series added entry when the series
statement is contained in field 490 (Series
Statement) or field 500
http://www.loc.gov/marc/bibliographic/ecbdsr
ae.html
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841- 88X - Holdings, Location,
Alternate Graphics, etc. fields
Contain descriptions for data elements which are
an integral part of the MARC 21 Format for
Bibliographic Data and data elements which may
appear either in bibliographic records or in
separate MARC holdings records.
850 – for minimal holdings data in bib
852 – for more extensive holdings data in MFHD
853 ->880 found in MFHD
856 – Electronic location and access to locate eresources
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9XX – Local fields
Any locally defined field
Examples from Orbis:
927 - //$a 9808R – when record was sent to
RLIN and/or OCLC -- now obsolete
928 - //$a ACOC1000 – was used to send
record out for authority work– now obsolete
948 - //$a OCLC RECON – still in use
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Garbage in, garbage out….
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Same “volume one” as author…
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Database errors and their
consequences….
Can’t retrieve something? It’s likely that it’s because
of……
Typos
Miscoded Indicators
Errors in access points
…in call numbers (Call numbers come from the
Holdings record, the MFHD, not from the bib
record)
Miscoded holdings information, etc…..
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Some eye-catching slipups
Bib#2994152 (apostr. Missing)
Bib#5954198 650 the ‘two’ wars….(PCC
record)
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Mistakes in the MFHD….
Voyager Holdings record: #6849742
866 41 $8 a 1968-1969 line
Holdings record #7326417 852 7 1
Holdings record: #1155135 852 71 $b sml
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Not mistakes, yet one wonders about
these subject headings….
One-leg resting position
Baboons – Congresses
Hamlet -- English translations
God—Audio recordings
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A brief review exercise:
On page 29 of your booklet
http://www.loc.gov/marc/umb/um11to12.html
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Some selected useful websites:
http://www.loc.gov/marc/
http://www.library.yale.edu/cataloging
http://www.infopeople.org/training/past/200
6/beyond/Hand_2/steps_cheat.doc
http://www.niso.org/standards/resources/Un
derstandingMetadata.pdf
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THANK YOU!
Any Questions?
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